The Perspective Of Middle And The Wealthier Classes Of...

From the perspective of middle and the wealthier classes of Americans, the United States society has a â€Å"Structural-Functional† (Macionis, p.12) approach of the current classes’ social structures that promotes solidarity and stability. This â€Å"sociological perspective† (Macionis, p.34) holds true for most of American social classes, except the lower middle class and lower class. These particular classes can provide evidence of a â€Å"Social-Conflict† (Macionis, p.13) perspective of an array of inequality of social and economic gain. Examples of these inequalities can be displayed in our society through social, educational, and economic standards. Social injustices are a part of the latent effect of American culture. This effect is illustrated through social classes determined by wealth. The monarch system provided a culture that carried through time and transcended in the American culture. The affluent class in America segregates their social inter actions and environments with barriers physically or ideologically. For example, country clubs or private associations that only the rich can pay the high monthly dues. These different types of key associations play major roles in networking and conducting of business deals in America. Another social aspect of the disparity of social classes affecting the poor is the ideology that people of the lower class is unintelligent, incapable, indolent of work, and the lack of ambition to improve economic status. One â€Å"stereotype† (Macionis, p.)Show MoreRelatedManifesto Of The Communist Party, Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels927 Words   |  4 Pagesoppressed. They mention that in ancient Rome there was a separation in social order by patricians, knights, plebeians, and slaves. In the Middle Ages, separation was between feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, and serfs. Marx and Engels describe the bourgeoisie era as one that has condensed separation of class es into the two mere classes observed today, where the bourgeoisie are the oppressors and the proletariat are the oppressed. The bourgeoisie is a class that has longRead MoreSegregation in the 1930s 802 Words   |  3 Pagesdoubt, segregation between classes impacted the way society worked. Back then people believed that social classes should be segregated because the rich thought they should be of higher privilege than the poor causing discrimination to occur. For instance, Aunt Alexandra demonstrated this by telling Scout that she can’t play with Walter Cunningham. The rich discriminated the poor and called them â€Å"trash† and thought that they were better than them because they were wealthier and they came from a betterRead MoreWomen s Pregnancy As Treatment For Illness Associated With Pregnancy Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe nineteenth century remains one of American history’s most pivotal and revolutionary time periods, particularly in regards to women’s reproductive health and bodies. Despite increased availability of knowledge about women’s bodies and birth control, many women found themselves unable to control the trajectory of their own reproductive lives. This paper primarily seeks to challenge and complicate a monolithic understanding of women’s pregnancy as â€Å"illness.† Pregnancy, as a personal event, differedRead MoreThe Social Issue Of The Income Inequality Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesmost people are not relatively concerned about the wide inequality between classes. Ever since the distance between upper class and middle/lower class has been stretching and growing gradually and markedly for almost 30 years, it has become an important political battleground and deeply troubling in the world, and within the United States over the past few decades. The great disparity is immoral because it leads to wealthier people to unevenly distribute an unacceptable degree of control in a societyRead MoreAnalysis of The House of Spirits by Isabel Allende Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagessocial classes. The first major theme in The House of Spirits is the division between civilization and savagery. The country in which the story takes place remains unnamed; however, there is a clear divide between the modern city, where the aristocrats live, and the undeveloped rural areas where the peasants reside, with little in between. The country remains nameless because this theme is so prevalent in Latin America. There is a growing gap between the rich and poor, and a shrinking middle classRead MoreSocial Inequality And Educational Opportunity And Health1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe people of the United States have frequently lived in their everyday life preferably thinking that there is no class stratification within America. They have thought that they no longer have those social classes that existed like a century ago (Ervin 7). Acknowledging the various social strata most often people prefer to ignore the disparity that is associated with them. Historically, social disparities relate t o educational opportunity and health. However, a lot of improvements have been madeRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1441 Words   |  6 Pages The Hunger Games is a novel by Suzanne Collins about a lower class girl who finds herself suddenly surrounded by a striking upper class lifestyle. Growing up in District 12, it was very hard for Katniss Everdeen to picture life on the wealthier side. She lives in a country called Panem, which is divided into 12 districts. All 12 districts are controlled by one greater force, the Capitol. The Capitol is known for it’s lavish lifestyle and harsh methods of control. The Capitol controls the mediaRead MoreHow the Other Half Lives Reflection999 Words   |  4 PagesMy Name Professor Name American History II 04October 2007 A Reflection on How the Other Half Lives by the Other Half The author of How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis, inscribes on the deplorable living conditions of the Progressive Era from a first-person perspective. Riis, an immigrant, police reporter, photojournalist and most importantly: a pioneer and social reformer, tells a very captivating yet appalling experience of the lower class life in New YorkRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Affordableable Care Act1276 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough, numerous people agree that there are minimal issues existing and more improvements should be done. A great deal of people consider the fact that certain costs may be inexpensive for the poverty class, but prices are rising for those in the middle class. Facing the issues of the ACA and adding more to improve what the bill has already done, will improve the U.S as a whole and increase the health of citizens under the poverty line. Firstly, in Michigan, the ACA has decreased the overall costsRead MoreThe American Dream Through Various Eyes1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream Through Various Eyes In a country that is based around the idea that you can be anyone and do anything, one would think that most Americans all want the typical â€Å"American Dream.† Many would agree that when we think American Dream, we think fancy yachts, designer clothing, and big buildings, but is that really what the dream is all about? By definition, the American Dream is defined as, â€Å"the idea that every U.S. citizen should have equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity

Tips for Posture - Dont Sit on Your Wallet

Heres an ergonomic tip to immediately improve your posture and alleviate nagging back pain. We are taught from an early age that wallets go in your back pocket. Thats a bad, bad thing. Its almost as if the clothing designers are in cahoots with the wallet manufacturers to make sure thats where they go. The only problem is that a wallet in your back pocket hurts your posture and can cause back, neck, and shoulder pain. Standing up the back pocket is a fine place to stow your wallet. But when you sit down you start an avalanche of body mechanic problems. When one cheek is higher than the other you end up twisting the pelvis. This is bad enough but it doesnt stop there. The spine becomes misaligned. Then your shoulders slump. And you really start to hurt after that. The healthiest option is to move that wallet to your front pocket. If you must keep your wallet in your back pocket you should remove it before you sit down. Maybe even get one of those snazzy wallets with the chain so you dont forget it. You should also keep your wallet as thin as possible. Even when it is in your front pocket a smaller wallet will be a benefit.

Social Anxiety Disorder ( Sad ) - 1901 Words

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is defined as a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated with uncontrollable worry and tension with symptoms that include restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbance. People with social anxiety disorder also experience an intense, persistent fear of drawing attention to themselves in social situations, believing that their flaws will be exposed and that they will be negatively evaluated and rejected. It’s a terrible and vicious cycle of anxiety and worry that interferes with careers, everyday life, and relationships, and often causes the individual to develop depression. This disorder is much more than the normal anxiety that everyone experiences from time to†¦show more content†¦A simple way to remember the importance of SAD is a term known as â€Å"free-floating anxiety† which means a general and persistent fear that is not due to any specific object, event, or source. Most biolog ists believe that all psychological abnormalities have an underlying chemical or physical cause, which directs their attention to the brain. A mental illness can develop in many different ways such as behavior and biological. Although both can be explained through actions of the brain, the behavior model suggests that abnormal behaviors are caused by operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning provides us with theories that suggest that people learn from consequences of actions through negative and positive reinforcement. Therefore they understand the pros and cons of every action, which provides them with decision before their actions. With modern technology biological theorists explain abnormal behaviors as sources by biological abnormalities or viral infections. Interest in viral explanations of psychological disorders has been growing for over nearly a decade, more and more studies have been done on anxiety and mood disorders. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a patt ern of constant worry and anxiety over social settings and other different activities and events. There

The Debate Over Stem Cell Research - 1196 Words

For many years in the past, there has been a major controversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to their use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be the gateway to finding a cure or treatment for many of the major diseases out in the world today such as, cancer, heart disease, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, a possibly organ failure. Even though there are all these cures that could be found through stem cell research one thing is making it very hard to continue their work, and that is the lack of the funding needed to continue to make huge impacts on the lives of those aro und us. The continuous debate over stem cell research has been going on since around 1998 when scientists learned how to remove stem cells from human embryos. It often revolves around whether stem cell research is ethical and moral, rather than debating over the benefits and the downfalls of stem cell research. One of the main oppositionist of stem cell research is the Catholic Church. In an article written by Nancy Frazier O’Brien, she quotes a document from an assembly held by the Bishops of theShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research936 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell research is full of controversy with a million different opinions on each side of the argument. In this essay, the â€Å"pro† side will be viewed and discussed. The background, the pros, the experiments and other information will be deliberated. Hopefully by the end of the composition, one will understand the benefits of stem cell research. In the early 1900s, Alexander A. Maximow was the first to actually use the term â€Å"stem cell† when he discovered the cell. He was a Russian-American physicianRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades, stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the potential to help disease research and managementRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe stem cell controversy has been going on for many years. The two basic controversies surrounding stem cell research is whether or not it is morally justifiable, and if stem cell s will ever live up to the medical promises. Most of these controversies concern embryonic stem cells more than any other stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are unspecialized, but have the ability to divide and make specialized cells like muscles, nerves, and skin cells. These cells are found in the early stage of human developmentRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1652 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research could one day hold the key to many new scientific discoveries if it is continuously funded in the years to come. I chose to base my research around the question, Should embryonic stem cell research be government funded? When I finish highschool I hope to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I wish to become a doctor and may not be directly researching stem cells, they may one day be a treatment that I will have to administer to patients. To answer this questionRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1543 Words   |  7 PagesW hile embryonic stem cell research has been ongoing for more than 30 years, it has only become a controversial topic over the past decade. The embryonic stem cell was first isolated in 1981 by two scientists at the University of Cambridge. However, it wasn’t until 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where the first batch of embryonic stem cells were created in a test tube. In 2001, President George W. Bush approved the use of federal funding for research on this topic, following this actionRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1685 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the use of stem cells can offer a lot to the scientific community, the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable; and the use of stem cells in humans should be completely prohibited. Since the first research on embryo stem cells in 1998 on mice the controversy has been relentless (Timeline), and even now, scientists have made great strides in waning off of embryonic stem cells and inst ead using induced pluripotent stem cells from adults, however these have their issuesRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1507 Words   |  7 PagesStem cells have become one of the largest and controversial research fields in the Department of Regenerative Medicine. They are often referred to as the â€Å"building blocks of nature† due to their ability to transform into any type of cell in the human body. The controversy behind the use of stem cells is the possible chance that stem cells can regenerate organs, and cure life-threatening diseases. This topic has been publicly discussed among scientists and healthcare professionals. There are differentRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1834 Words   |  8 Pagesembryonic stem cells. This up and coming treatment has gained a lot of praise as well as speculation from the media, medical and religious officials. Deciding whether to preserve the unborn, or treat the ill, leads to the question of the morality of usin g embryonic stem cells. There may be controversy over the use of embryonic stem cells but despite moral convictions, this type of research provides hope and promise to researchers and patients in need. Some believe the use of adult stem cells can abolishRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research2188 Words   |  9 PagesStem Cell Research is the future of scientific research, but it needs to be clarified more with the masses. Many think that Stem Cell Research is unethical and immoral. People also believe that Stem Cell Research is only done on embryos. Stem Cell Research could bring forth a world with fewer worries of disease and disablement. Moral and Ethical Opinions There are many thoughts that Stem Cell Research on embryos meant for treating infertility should not be funded by the United States government becauseRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cells, according to the National Institute of Health, are cells obtained from embryos that are prepared from fertilized eggs which have been collected through the in vitro technique; in specialized clinics. Scientists use the stem cell research to have a better idea about the evolution, aging, and disease. Thus, they keep track of the stem cells progress across the lifetime; this tracking process can help scientists to figure out the genetic mutations

Post War to Present

Question: Discuss the various conspicuous authors in their literary works tend to portray the reality of life in different ways. Answer: Introduction Literature is the reflection of reality. Various conspicuous authors in their literary works tend to portray the reality of life in different ways. Their perception, their way of expression, their realistic approach differs from each other. Christopher Isherwood and Samuel Selvon, the two contemporary novelists in the post war era have occupied a predominant place in the realm of English literature. Being contemporaries the two authors have experienced the real approaches of life in two different ways. The in-depth description of the city, Berlin is beautifully presented in the novel Goodbye to Berlin. Isherwood has identified the nature and the culture of the city as he observes it[1]. He has observed that the city Berlin is endowed with good cultural aspects. The people belonging to this particular city intend to lead a systematic lifestyle. On the other hand, the novelist has pointed out that the city Berlin is surrounded with the aspects of sexual freedom. The entire novel is end owed with a touch of happiness[2]. People love to enjoy their life by struggling with the excellence instead of the hardships. On the other hand, The Life of London by Samuel Selvon has depicted the city culture of London in a different way. The entire story has concentrated on the strenuous journey of Moses Aloetta, the real protagonist of this novel. Moses Aloetta is a migrant of London. Selvon has beautifully portrayed how this particular individual has to face immense challenges and difficulties in order to survive in the city of London[3]. The novelist has portrayed that life is not a bed of roses but a way of thorns. In order to achieve success in life, people have to face immense difficulties throughout their entire life. Moses Aloetta is a bright example of this. Therefore, the two novels namely Goodbye to Berlin and The Life of London deal with the description of two cities and their culture. The central theme and the approach are not different from each other. The two authors have described the two themes in different perspectives. Discussion Both authors differ from each other in terms of their culture and lifestyle. Their perception of life is completely different. In the novel, Goodbye to Berlin the novelist has presented the lifestyle of an upper class society of Berlin. People are well accustomed with sexual liberty. Isherwood coming from an upper-middle class background has portrayed the life style of Berlin people so well. Mosses Aloetta is the representation of Selvon in the novel The Life of London. Before acquiring fame as a successful novelist, Selvon had to pass a life, full of hardships and struggles. Mosses Aloetta is the portraiture of this reality[4]. As a migrant, this person has to face numerous obstacles to survive in London. Both the novels have maintained an episodic rhythm with an extraordinary way of expression. The storyline of Goodbye to Berlin has been set just after the First World War[5]. At that time, Hitler was holding the chair. On the other hand, The Life of London was set after the Second World War. The difference between the time sequences of these two novels is truly significant. In the era of post colonialism, the people had to face immense difficulties to lead their life successfully. The influence of the Second World War was truly commendable. Therefore, with the help of this novel, the author has portrayed the actual scenario of the after World War effect. However, the primary concern of this particular paper is to identify an in-depth relationship between identity and experience portrayed in both works namely Goodbye to Berlin and The Life of London. Relationship between identity and experience After the World War effect, Isherwood left England leaving behind his upper-middle class society and culture and moved to Berlin. Isherwood has observed the cultural liberty after entering the place. The entire environment was completely different from the life he had been living till now. While describing the city culture of Berlin, the author did not forget to mention in his novel, the theme of homosexuality, which is forms one of the major parts of this novel. Over the period of three years, the concept of homosexuality has become prevalent in different parts of Berlin. A homosexual relationship has been portrayed between the characters Otto and Peter Wilkinson[6]. The neurotic Englishman, Peter, belongs to a rich and wealthy background. On the other hand, the younger lover Otto is an out-an-out laborious individual, devoid of enough money and wealth like Peter. The argument based on the homosexuality has been considering the rights of the young generation. It is stated that young people are confident enough to be involved with a homosexual relationship. This relationship can be with a wealthy person to render the stability in their lives. The character of Otto has been portrayed in a robust way whose primary concern is to lead a healthy life rather than leading one with financial crisis. Over time, Otto understood that his relationship with Peter was no longer healthy and beneficial. Peter fails to fulfil the high needs and demands of Otto. Isherwood intends to depict that homosexuality is temporary. The relationship is thus cannot stay for long. Homosexuality has been portrayed as a source of pleasure in this novel. Peter has been indirectly represented with Isherwood, a shy and moderate person. Isherwood was very much soft hearted towards others. People, who like to lead a comfortable life, have used Isherwood in order to get benefits. The Ruegen Island is a place where people are allowed to show their sexual desires. After publishing the novel, Isherwood had to face immense criticism from his contemporaries. As per the point of view of several critics, Isherwood has demolished the rhythm of novels after showing the effects of a homosexual relationship, positively throughout the entire novel. At the same time, it is undeniable that Isherwood was the only one who highlighted the actual vista of the-then society of Berlin. It is seen that Isherwood has not attempted to conceal his sexual orientation; rather he has expressed his homosexuality by accepting it as part of regular life. At the very first page of the novel, Isherwood has commented, I am a camera with its shutter open. This statement exemplifies his approach towards homosexuality. He is not ashamed of being a homosexual, rather is free from every mental blockage. In this novel, Isherwood has tried to portray the homosexual character of Peter. Peter, a migrant from Britain, belongs to a wealthy family[7]. There are recognisable similarities between the characters of Isherwood and Peter. The sexual orientation of the two characters is same. Moreover, both of them have been experiencing cultural and liberal freedom in Berlin. Isherwood has presented a description of Ottos physical appearance. It is stated that Otto has sparkling eyes with a mischievous look. This appearance somewhat resembles a ripe peach. In fact, Isherwoods description of the physical appearance of Otto is almost similar to the explanation made by Peter. It is clear that Isherwood has a special attraction towards Otto, whereas Peter has also expressed similar feelings. It is noted that the narrator has somewhat failed to create a linking between the diversified characters. The major argument is raised against the sympathetic behaviour of Isherwood towards homosexuality. However, in spite of criticism, the concept of homosexuality is still free from all kinds of social obligations. The narrator has portrayed admiration for homosexuals who have full rights to dwell in the city. The narrator feels that there is nothing wrong in homosexuality. In Goodbye to Berlin, Isherwood has presented an extensive description of the post war society, which has been preparing for the upcoming war. The novel illustrates a clear picture of the post world war period in Berlin. The existing people have to face immense hardships during such devastating scenario. It is noticed that most of the published novels in the post World War period, have illustrated the picture of the ruthless surroundings. The novel, Goodbye to Berlin is not an exception. People started suffering due to the lack of consistency in their workplace. No one has the assurance of job stability. The insecurity in their minds has made their lives more difficult[8]. However, the novel portrays one positive side of the human mentality. In spite of this bleak scenario, people remain hopeful and cheerful. The positive attributes have helped the city to rise again by overcoming the difficulties. However, the arguments are indicating different perspectives of the people living in t he city. The city includes the people from diversified social groups and residents. In this novel, Goodbye to Berlin, Isherwood has presented the characterisation of the people with diversified perceptions. These people belong to different cultural, religious, economic, and social backgrounds. The novel thus includes the overview of the diversified cultural traits that have a significant influence on city life. Isherwood has shared the idea about his personal experiences in Berlin. He mentions about several characters with an aim to present the different characteristics and their perceptions. In the initial stage, he has illustrated the nature of his landlady, Fraulein Schroeder. She represents the emblem of an adjusting lady who can cope with every hurdle that she may come across. Moreover, she is somebody who adjusts to the emerging rules of Nazism. The sudden appearance of incidents as horrible as these has made her accustomed to such a different scenario. There is also a mention of an apartment in the novel. The apartment includes rooms for different people including a prostitute and a bar tender. This bar tender often deals with customers who are not at all trustworthy. There is one similar trait found in different characters. Each of the characters here is representing their struggle against financial crisis. The economic instability has made their life miserable. This novel includes the personal experiences of Isherwood in Berlin City. The different characters he met there have created a special impression on him. It is quite clear that the novel has been exploring the social life of the people in Berlin after the World War. He has mixed facts with fictions when describing the inner theme. There is a clear picture of the unsurpassed scenario of Berlin. Each of the characters has been indicating their survival in a situation of economic instability. Even in spite of being a foreign English teacher, Isherwood is insecure about his survival in Berlin. He could not bear the expenses of his rent, he accepted offer presented by Otto. He then starts living with Otto and his family. Isherwood faced the reality at Ottos house. He has experienced a terrible scenario of poverty in Berlin. The slums in Berlin are surrounded with dirt and pollution. However, in Berlin he meets Otto, who has the audacity to live a cheerful life even in a worst atmosphere. The Gentiles had started showing their hatred against the Jewish population and this behaviour had affected the sentiments of this Jewish family. However, Isherwood has been trying to raise his concerns against the growing enmity in the city. The emergence of such bitterness is somewhat creating a negative impact. He has been dealing with people who are culturally different. For example, the novel includes an explanation of Christians and non-Christians, Communists and Nazi, rich and poor, homosexuals and heterosexuals, Jews and Gentiles and so on. Even though the city is associated with such recognised diversity, each of the groups tries to hide their actual desire. It is simply specifying the decay of the country after being devastated by the World War. It is important to note that Isherwood has been judging the city as an outsider. Eventually, he has to confront some of the unfolded events that have been creating significant impacts on city life. He has tried to utilise his perceptions to address the situational events he has been facing in this city. The unity between the people is however lost due to the shattered scenario of the post war period. On the contrary, due to this difference, both Peter and Isherwood are attracted towards the rich cultures of the city. In presenting the holistic view of the society, Isherwood has illustrated the clear picture of the political scenario, cultural diversity, and social aspects. At the beginning of the novel, Isherwood has presented his keen interests on teaching profession. Therefore, he started to teach English to earn his expenses. The regular living styles of other dwellers are also much inspiring for him. Goodbye to Berlin is considered as an insightful collection of stories, which portray the decline of the Berlin City. The personal experiences shared by Isherwood are the major dependence of this novel. He has created a fine line between fiction and biography. He has presented himself as the protagonist who has been sharing real experiences. Isherwood has structured the introduction portion in a skilled way. Because I have given my own name to me the I of this narrative, readers are certainly not entitled to assume that its pages are purely autobiographical, or that its characters are libellously exact portraits, of living persons; Christopher Isherwood is a convenient ventriloquists dummy, nothing more. However, the similarity in the aims is found when each of the characters is running to secure their lives. It is needless to say that Isherwood has mixed the different features of the diversified people who are well aware of their ideas. Isherwood himself follows some of the actions to some extent. It is noted that he has presented himself as a detached observer. This particular trait is described perfectly by the statement, I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking. In the real scenario, it has been seen that Isherwood is surrounded with more people and events and serves as the medium of presenting perceptions. This particular novel is the collection of short stories. A number of debates are associated with this novel whatsoever. Isherwood has portrayed an image of rich society, which is full of fringe-dwellers. The characters featured in this novel have been struggling to connect their languages, status and cultural barriers. The social class is defined by explaining the colloquialisms and mannerisms in delivering the speeches. The sense of denial is also presented through a particular statement. Like everyone in Berlin, she refers continually to the political situation, but only briefly, with a conventional melancholy, as when one speaks of religion. It is quite unreal to her. She means to go to university, travel about, have a jolly good time and eventually, of course, marry. The essence of cultural attributes has been featured through this statement. One of the major significances of this novel is that Isherwood has presented the portraits of the normal people. These characters are sometime irrational and sometimes annoying, which is similar to the real life. The proper focus on the reality has made this literary work more real. The above discussion is representing the lifestyle of the society people in Berlin during the post World War period. This explanation differs from the society view of The Lonely Londoner. This particular novel describes the characterisation of the West Indian Immigrants who went to London and experienced the city life for the first time. Since, these West Indians did not experience city life previously; they became much fascinated about the city life in London. They even started dreaming of fulfilling their desires. They thought that London is a city, which will be leading them towards their aspirations. However, the reality is completely different to their expectation. London was also affected by the terrible World War like many other countries in Europe. Hence, there are challenges in securing a sustainable employment. Selvon, in his novel, The Lonely Londoners, has explained the condition of the immigrants whose expectations were broken by the ruthless reality. The West Indians had to face difficulties due to racism issues, climate, and poor living standards. In each step of their living, they had to face discriminative behaviour due to their different accent and the skin colour[9]. Due to the scarcity of work, they had to struggle harder for a job and afford their living. It is important to note that the cost of living was also different for the immigrants. People ought to struggle hard to achieve the living standards as per their expectations. If one seeks for a particular world of living, hard work is essential to make the person a member of that world. Selvon has been representing the world of the West Indian community. It is mainly describing the polarized vision of London city, which seeks for individuality. The West Indians are the people who survived with their hard works whereas other imm igrants faced the real challenges in London. In spite of struggling with such terrible scenario in London, the West Indians started formulating strategies to cope with the environment. It is already mentioned that these West Indians were much fascinated about their dreams, which they desired to fulfil in London. Hence, they started working on their dreams and tried to achieve success. They had to face the busy schedule of London city. It is needless to say that they had to face an enormous challenge to survive there. Selvon has portrayed the image of Gahalad, who was reluctant to accept the harsh reality. He tries to maintain his imaginative picture about the previous London City. Hence, the West Indians started to develop the satisfactory image of the streets and places of London. In the first place, they get the realisation of the busy schedule and the hardships associated with the city life. In such a scenario, it is very important to maintain individuality. The West Indians had to struggle to earn their living and it was important for them to find a secure place to sleep and work. They have to face all these hardships just to fulfil their dreams and they are not willing to give up. This scenario is completely different to the previous atmosphere, which was quite adjustable for the West Indians. Since, these West Indians speak the language with a different accent and possess a different skin colour; they are forced to form a different community in London[10]. They are even pushed to accept the principle of congregation via segregation. This trend is quite visible among the group of ethnic minorities. More specifically, for the black races, this issue has become much prominent. Hence, Moses has found the most illustrative way to segregate individualism by con sidering it as the lonely city. It is noted that London gradually became the city with multicultural atmosphere. It is even seen that the multicultural communities are forced to live in an isolated place. After all these consequences, the West Indians have started to realise that the image of London is far away from reality. This scenario even has created a negative impact on peoples sentiments. As a result, they wish to go back home. However, the economic obligation does not support this decision. They are not empowered with economic stability and they are forced to stay in London. At the first place, they set their aim to be economically independent. However, when reality strikes, they send the money home instead of getting settled to their natives. Moses and the other West Indian immigrants in London have started to cope with the cultural traits in London to reduce their feeling of homesickness. The Caribbean tradition serves as a chain to hold them together whereas they are separated from the other communities due to such traditions. The immigrants have started to utilize their tradition for the different purposes. For instance, Calypso is taken as the source of comfort. They usually gather together to discuss about their natives and families. The basement room is the usual place for such meeting and conversation. Sometimes, they are engaged to some of the meaningless gossips. They even talk about their future. It is somewhat helpful for them to minimise their anxiety regarding their homesickness. They are bound to stay here, as they do not have the economic stability to go back to their native places. However, London has become their motherland through such way. London is ever considered as one of the most recognizable places for the immigrants. Their experiences change their viewpoints of the city. People generally have a miss conception about the fact that London is one of the most prestigious places in the World. Most of the West Indians hesitate to visit London, as they remain confused to reveal of nature. Moses is not exceptional to that. After the Second World War, the economic stability of this city was not stable. As a result, people had to struggle immensely to collect their bread and butter. Situation became out of control. Throughout the entire novel, the novelist has highlighted the pangs and pathos of life in a metaphorical sense. An implicit comparison has been presented between the people and their hardships. In the novel, the Life of Londoner, the novelist has dealt with the subject in such a way that the people of West India can relate their life. The effect of post World War had a greater influence on the mind and psychology of the people south Indians as well. The social, economical and political condition had to face a disastrous consequence. People had to struggle twice in order to earn their food. Therefore, this particular story has depicted a vivid vista of the economic condition of the-then society. The scenic description of the entire novel is truly commendable. The residents of London were always craving for summer. The view of white women in swimwear is beautifully described in this novel. In order to make a comparative analysis between the two novels, Goodbye to Berlin and the Life of London, it can be pointed out that both novels are equally interesting from different perspectives. The lifestyle of the upper classes society and their way of leaving has wonderfully presented in Goodbye to Berlin. People in order to enjoy the mundane affairs do not hesitate to become involved in any kind of homosexual relationship. The relationship between Otto and Peter has presented this vista. The overarching term homosexuality represents the source of pleasure and luxury. The author wants to portray that human beings always tend to run behind luxury and wealth. Therefore, they never hesitate to deal with an unknown person in order to lead a luxurious life. In comparison to Goodbye to Berlin, the message in the Life of Londoner is completely different. The pangs and pathos in the life of human is the primary message of this novel. Conclusion It is truly difficult to lead a life without the assistance of a nearest and dearest one. Therefore, in order to lead a successful life, people have to overcome innumerable barriers. This scenario has been highlighting the prominent picture of reality. The hardships that the human beings have to face in their regular life have been portrayed more skilfully. Furthermore, the different scenarios of the city life after the world war have been presented through these two cities. The struggles of the human being are also aptly shown in these two texts. Hence, it can be concluded that the experiences in both in Berlin and London are quite devastating. The dream of achieving the economic stability for a respectful life is the major aim for each of the residents. The discriminations and the formulation of the separate community have become the centre aspect in this regards. References Bentley, Nick, "Black London: The Politics Of Representation In Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londoners",Wasafiri, 18 (2003), 41-45 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690050308589846 Carr, Jamie M,Queer Times(New York: Routledge, 2006) Forysch, Judith,From A Sexual Mecca To The City Of Doom - Signs Of A Lost Society In Selected Novels By Christopher Isherwood(Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2007) Freeman, Chris, "Christopher Isherwood And The Limits Of Camp",Modernism/modernity, 23 (2016), 14-17 https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2016.0022 GILBERT, PAUL, "New Issues: Goodbye To Berlin?",Journal of Applied Philosophy, 26 (2009), 107-111 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.2009.00417.x Isherwood, Christopher,Christopher And His Kind(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001) Mandaville, Peter G,Global Political Islam(London: Routledge, 2007) Phillips, Lawrence,London Narratives(London: Continuum, 2006) Procter, James,Dwelling Places(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003) Selvon, Samuel,The Lonely Londoners(London: Penguin, 2006)

Innovation and Risk Management †Free Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Risk Management? Answer: Introduction In the following essay, a critical analysis has been conducted on the seven-dimension design of innovation strategy of one of the best innovative British company, Dyson Ltd. Founded by James Dyson in 1993, Dyson Ltd. deals with the manufacture of domestic equipments like bladeless fans, hand dryers, heaters and specially, vacuum cleaners (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dysons plan was to spend a large fraction of the profit on research and innovation of even better products rather than on advertising. Dyson understood that, even if products have a brand value, if quality decreases day by day, or some other company develops better quality products, the customers will not buy his products (Waller and Sag 2014). This essay is based on a critical study analyzing the innovation and management policies of Dyson Ltd., which have favored the meteoric rise of the company. This essay also analyzes the basic seven-fold innovation framework that forms the basis of innovation management of every company. Study on Innovation Strategy Framework The meteoric rise of Dyson Ltd. in global market owes to the fact that initially, James Dyson spent most of the profits on research and innovation studies. Although vacuum cleaners were available since 1901, James Dyson made a breakthrough by inventing the Dual Cyclone TM vacuum cleaner (Cassia et al. 2012). This new and efficient model easily attracted customers to buy from Dyson. A large share of the profit gained by the company was used to fund further research work and appointing new engineers. Dyson Ltd. has since kept firm control over the domestic electronics market, owing to its innovative and efficient models and cost-effective products (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). The company continues to research to innovate even better and modernized products and even working on the idea to mix regular domestic equipments with computer software technology (Stilgoe et al. 2013). According to various researchers and marketing analysts, there is a basic seven dimensional innovation framework (Smyth 2013). Every innovative company must follow this framework in order to achieve success in global market (Cassia et al. 2012). This seven-dimension framework is as follows: Strategic Innovation Procedure - According to a research conducted by Kiron et al. (2013), a strategic innovation management process is needed to analyze peoples needs and manufacture products according to them. In addition, planning should be made in order to innovate new products that might be needed by people in the future (Anderson et al. 2014). In order to keep pace with the competitors and changing global markets, this innovation strategy is necessary for any innovative company. This process generally involves both traditional and unconventional elements. It is used to analyze beyond market and consumer trends. It is also a standpoint of providing an important breakthrough including radical ideas, status challenges and advancement in the right path. This also involves a teamwork, which involves exchange of ideas, exploration, creative ideas, mediation and improvement in group-projects (Klionsky et al. 2012). Strategy Alignment - Alignment towards a fixed strategy policy is to be followed by stakeholders and higher authorities of the company (Zott and Amit 2015). This policy mainly involves maintaining the goals and guidelines policy as structured by the company. Another duty of the leaders is to motivate and encourage the workers to work more efficiently and manufacture products of the best possible quality. This will ultimately help the company to grow in international markets (Waller and Sag 2014). Foresight of Market Demands - As opined by Cassia et al. (2012), the most important part of the strategy for companies should be to foresee the future market demands and supply from industries. This will help the company to cope with the changing foreign markets and achieve global success (Smyth 2013). In addition, foreseeing market demands helps the company to undergo suitable changes to meet general needs (Klionsky et al. 2012). Consumer Insight - Consumer insight is necessary for the company to maintain a good customer base and meet the general needs of people. Regular supply of quality products helps the company to increase its customer base (Stilgoe et al. 2013). As opined by Owen et al. (2013), consumer insight is a qualitative approach that converts insights into actions. Generally an imaginative approach, it demands deep understanding of demands and proper innovations to fulfill such demands. Core Technology - This strategy includes utilization of latest technological devices by the company for the production of goods rather than sticking with old methods to maintain a brand value (Davenport 2013). This is needed to compete in a changing market demands and produce futuristic products to encourage customers to buy them. Organized Management - For any company to design a viable and successful marketing and production strategy, an organized management system is important. A suitable management system is also needed to operate the financial and production aspects of the company (Owen et al. 2013). There are three ways to achieve this cultural readiness, structural readiness and process readiness (Stilgoe et al. 2013). These refer to the readiness of the company by fixing a complete mindset regarding cultural, organizational and operational activities. Disciplined Approach - According to Kahn et al. (2012), the success of innovations and application strategies depend on the approach followed by a company. Success is only gained when the innovations are applied in a disciplined and strategic way in the international markets (Zott and Amit 2015). When a company has completed its quota of innovations roster, a new white and blank space is to be designed to pursue new directions in innovations and inventions (Tidd 2014). Every company should properly understand the differences between innovation and invention. Innovation is finding new possibilities to upgrade an existing product to increase its efficiency, quality and viability. On the other hand, invention refers to creating an entirely new product that was not available before (Cassia et al. 2012). A successful invention is the design of a new product that will be useful and cost efficient. In other words, invention is the formulation of a new product, while innovation is the application of a new idea to upgrade an existing product. Furthermore, innovation is necessary to present a product in an attractive package to attract customers (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. generally follows this seven-fold framework structure in addition to their own marketing and operational policies. The company, after gaining massive success worldwide, the company aims to execute a very risky and bold expansion plan for increasing brand value even more (Stilgoe et al. 2013). The company also aims to appoint more than 3000 new engineers and experienced designers at its services to promote growth. In addition, the company has already taken initiative by buying several hardware and software analysts, which has increased the size of the engineering team of the company (Tidd 2014). Dyson Ltd. have also set up a new robotic research lab as a part of its innovation development program (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dyson also bought rights of a LED lighting company that acted separately even if it was a subsidiary to Dyson Ltd (Klionsky et al. 2012). All these activities are indications that Dyson Ltd. had everlasting plans for innovations and growth, and in addition to it, gain even more share in the global market. Unlike other multinational successful companies, Dyson did not have a particular and unique product to start with, rather, it started by upgrading an already existing product. For this reason, the life span of the company initially depended on the success of their innovative ideas (Cassia et al. 2012). While some companies emphasize on designs only for the sake of it, Dyson emphasizes on designs of products only if they increase the quality and efficiency of the product (Stilgoe et al. 2013). Currently, the company has decided to add a touch of software design and computerized programming to the general domestic products like vacuum cleaner and others (Davenport 2013). One example of its successful application is the new 360 Eye Vacuum Cleaner, which is termed as a robotic vacuum cleaner by some researchers. This 360 Eye is a giant leap by Dyson in the field of innovation (Owen et al. 2013). In general, the innovation policies of companies are driven by several factors. These are discussed as follows: Market regulations regarding unique products are to be reduced. This helps in expansion of business and provides opportunity to supply more incentives for innovation research. In addition, more foreign investments can be implemented, increasing funds for research and an opportunity to reach a foreign market (Davenport 2013). There should be a stable macro economy in addition to low rates of interest. This accelerates the growth of innovation research, since this creates a stable and cost-friendly environment for adequate investment (Kahn et al. 2012). External and internal finances should be kept available for successful operation of research (Cassia et al. 2012). An expansion should be supported for public research. This is important to support business in sector research, although this will involve employment of a huge work force (Kiron et al. 2013). In any case, the key strategy question remains how to strike a proper harmony between giving motivations and prizes to workers and giving access of new information to clients. Over the later part, the equation has been moving more for right holders, in any event, mostly in response to changing conditions additionally as a planned move towards "genius IPR approaches". (Klionsky et al. 2012) These approaches have brought about specific accomplishments, for example, the advancement of innovation moves in colleges that have advanced protection policy of open examination (Newman et al. 2013). Here comes the point of development of the biotech division, which would have been not conceivable without licenses on hereditary creations and the augmentation of funding based new companies, which generally depend on intellectual properties of individuals working for a company (Owen et al. 2013). James Dyson's story is mythical in entrepreneurship itself. According to Smyth (2013), the company strictly follows the policy of never say die. Certainly, this policy has been the recipe for success for Dyson, but might also be a good recipe for failure (if not executed properly). Dyson's early success can be attributed to its severe perseverance, but also to the commitment of funding for innovation and development programs (Estampe et al. 2013). James Dyson sometimes thinks of himself as an artist, and seemingly, that this is integral to his planning and strategies (Davenport 2013). According to James Dyson himself, if a regular customer buys a Dyson vacuum cleaner, according to regular statistics, more customers will be encouraged to buy similar product if the product works perfectly (Klionsky et al. 2012). This is the basic radical level of innovation, which is followed by Dyson Ltd. Dysons long-term investment plan continues even after a particular product has been sold to a regular customer (Smyth 2013). This includes an excellent and prompt customer care service, which is ready to help anytime if a customer faces some problems regarding the companys products (Kahn et al. 2012). The basic philosophy of Dyson Ltd. is to treat their customers in a good and prompt manner. Most of the electrical appliances companies hire external electrical service agents to address problems faced by customers (Owen et al. 2013). However, that is not the case for Dyson. They always ensure best help and advice for the customers. All these factors, which include marketing policies, strategies, innovation plans, funding for innovation research program for manufacture of modern and quality products, have led to the massive growth of the company (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. has established itself as one of the standout innovative companies in the whole world. Conclusion In spite of experiencing massive global success, several controversies arose regarding Dyson Ltd. and its chairperson Sir James Dyson. Although Dyson Ltd. had its own innovation strategy framework, the advertising campaigns conducted by the company was interpreted to be directly criticizing one of its rival companies. According to Dyson, teaching foreign students is like preparing the rivals to compete against themselves. For the growth and development of a multinational company like Dyson Ltd., the company officials and the chairperson himself should avoid these kinds of controversies, else these will enrage common people, and that would be a huge blow to the business of Dyson Ltd. in the global market. These activities of Dyson are thought to be secret marketing strategies of Dyson in order to gain success, compete against the rival companies and keep a strong control over global market without disclosing any strategy to anyone. References Anderson, N., Potocenik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Cassia, L., De Massis, A. and Pizzurno, E., 2012. Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,18(2), pp.198-232. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S., 2013. A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), pp.247-258. Kahn, K.B., Barczak, G., Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Perks, H., 2012. An examination of new product development best practice.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(2), pp.180-192. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The innovation bottom line.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(3), p.1. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(2), p.69. Klionsky, D.J., Abdalla, F.C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R.T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. and Ahn, H.J., 2012. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.Autophagy,8(4), pp.445-544. Newman, T.J., Agarwal, A., Dowling, A.P., Desvard, L. and Stimpson, R., 2013, June. A six sensor method for measuring acoustic properties in ducts. InProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics(Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 015085). Acoustical Society of America. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E. and Guston, D., 2013. A framework for responsible innovation.Responsible innovation: managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, pp.27-50. Rubalcaba, L., Michel, S., Sundbo, J., Brown, S.W. and Reynoso, J., 2012. Shaping, organizing, and rethinking service innovation: a multidimensional framework.Journal of Service Management,23(5), pp.696-715. Smyth, D., 2013. How is the scope of protection of a registered Community design to be determined?.Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, p.jpt004. Stilgoe, J., Owen, R. and Macnaghten, P., 2013. Developing a framework for responsible innovation.Research Policy,42(9), pp.1568-1580. Tidd, J., 2014. Conjoint innovation: Building a bridge between innovation and entrepreneurship.International Journal of Innovation Management,18(01), p.1450001. Waller, S.W. and Sag, M., 2014. Promoting innovation.Iowa L. Rev.,100, p.2223. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2015. Business Model Innovation: Toward a Process Perspective.The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, p.395.