Dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Dyslexia - Essay Example To acquire this knowledge, I reviewed literature from the internet and various journals and prepared this article. Dyslexia, also known as developmental reading disorder is the most common childhood learning disability which primarily manifests in school going children. There is no single definition that exists for dyslexia. However, those who know about the condition and have worked with dyslexic children are in a position to easily identify the condition. According to the NINDS (2009), dyslexia is defined as "a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a persons ability to read." The World Federation of Neurology (cited in British Dyslexics, 2009) defines this condition as "a disorder manifested by difficulties in learning to read, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and socio-cultural opportunity." The British Dyslexics (2009) puts the definition as "Intelligent, bright or even gifted individuals, that for no obvious reason, struggle to learn through the medium of written or spoken language." Other commonly used definitions include "learning difficu lty characterized by problems with written or spoken language such as reading, writing, spelling, speaking, or listening" and "congenital disturbance of brain function causing a variety of learning difficulties, especially relating to reading, writing and spelling" (British Dyslexics, 2009). It is surprising that despite immense research in dyslexia and information available about the condition every where, many teachers and even parents dont accept that a condition called dyslexia can exist. Some teachers also falsely blame dyslexic children as lazy without understanding that the child actually has a problem and needs help. All dyslexic children share some common aspects enabling them to be easily diagnosed. The increased awareness of dyslexia has led to many

The rest of the play Essay Example for Free

The rest of the play Essay When Mr and Mrs Putnam are talking with Parris, they start referring to their own child exploits and tell of murdered babies. Parris is at first shocked and then slightly disbelieving of them until Putnam mentions a murdering witch. (Parris turns to Betty, a frantic terror rises in him. ) This shows one of the most dramatic parts of Act 1. Miller gives the audience the impression that hysteria will happen in the future. I think this because this is an action that shows a mortal fear in Parris for witches because of what the accusation will do to his reputation. This could explain his actions later in the play and why he is damming the suspect with such conviction. Miller structures the idea of witchcraft being spread throughout the village very carefully and intelligently. He sets up some characters, Abby, Mercy, Goody Putnam and Mr Putnam, to be gossipy, manipulative and vindictive. They hear a hint of witchcraft and instantly they play upon the this rumour to their own advantage. We can gain these clues by the opening actions of characters and the background information provided by Miller. Here are a couple of characters I have chosen. Abby (A striking beautiful girl, an orphan, with and endless capacity for disassembling. ) Mr Putnam Another reason to believe him a deeply embittered man with his attempt to break his fathers will. So it is not surprising to find that so many accusations against people are in the handwriting of Thomas Putnam, or that his name is so often found as a witness corroborating the supernatural testimony. These quotations give the audience clues of their darker side in their personalities. The dramatic action in the first act sets up expectation of an explosive story and plot. When Parris presses Abby and aggressively questions her as well and Abby viciously shakes Betty on the bed. These incidents could lead to there being more of these in the future. Some parallels can be drawn from the first acts events and events later on in the play. When Parris presses in Abby and she tries to speak her opinion, this happens later on but with Proctor, her secret adulterer instead of her uncle, in the first act. Also at the end of Act 1 the children are causing hysteria by naming random people in the village, they cause hysteria when Mary Warren tries to prove they are unauthentic. The actions in the first act are structured by Miller so that the actions reappear in the later stages, while the people dont learn from their mistakes. The language that Miller uses is Arcane, the old English that was used in the colony of America. He uses this old language to great effect to reflect the time and the religious metaphors and symbolism that is contained in Arcane. One such phrase is, Mark this! This is a great phrase for people to hear you and recognise you in a conversation. He uses implicit meanings in the language to try and give clues for later on in the play. He uses this in his opening description of Abby. .. an endless capacity for disassembling. The explicit meaning of this is that she can take things apart for a long time but there is a sub-meaning to this. She can break more things that are not physical with her strikingly beautiful looks she could break people, their hearts and their lifes. I feel that The Crucible has a lot of cumulative factors that give is clues to the storyline, the action in the future and how the characters will develop.

Dating on the Internet Essay -- Research Cyberdating Internet Essays

Dating on the Internet It has become today's method of communication, the wave of the future. The necessity to leave the home to do such things as shop for clothes or to go to the bank is diminishing. Business is being conducted more frequently from the home. Students will soon be able to interact with their teachers and fellow students while sitting in their bedrooms. The Internet will overtake all forms of personal interaction, and it stands to reason that this includes dating. From foreign pen-pals to heated Cybersex, the number of people who log on each day is growing rapidly. Those who used to race home from school to run outside and play, now race home to meet their best friend in a chat room somewhere; they've never met and yet they're soul mates. There are people who take these relationships so seriously, they will travel almost anywhere to meet the person of their dreams. Cyberdating is here to stay. According to Betty in California, it is the "nineties way for busy professional people to connect." She emphasizes, "Bars are out; computers are in!" (Women's Wire News). A survey conducted through Women's Wire News of 375 people revealed that 61% of those responding would "consider turning a Cyber-affair into a real-life one." (Women's Wire News). This being the case, what does this mean for society? Is personal socialization and face-to-face communication a thing of the past? Increasing reliance on computers certainly draws society in that direction. But possibly this isn't as new as people might like to think. Perhaps this is the direction in which society has been moving since the invention of the telephone. Fran in New Jersey supports this: I wonder if people got this worked up about the telephone? Because tha... ...ditha in Florida, Women's Wire News). Work Cited: "Do Boys Just Wanna Have Fun? Male Gender-Switching in Cyberspace (and how to detect it)," http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/ psycyber/ genderswap.html (May 1996,4/7/97) Sara Pitman. "From Keyboards to Human Contact: Love Relationships Through Computer-Mediated Communications," http://edie. cprost.sfu.ca/~chiklink/ sarticle.html (undated, 3/24/97) John Suler, Ph.D."Communicative Subtlety in Multimedia Chat How Many Ways Can You Say "Hi" at the Palace?" http://ww1.rider.edu/ ~suler/psycyber/hilucy.html (March1997, 4/7/97) John Suler, Ph.D. "The Psychology of Avatars and Graphical Space in Visual Chat Environments," http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/ psyav.html (May 1996, 3/24/97) "Women's Wire News, Cyberdating: The Dirt," http://women.com/wwire/archives/html/backtalk/ 960221.ba.html (1997, 3/24/97)

Japan Students and Education Essay example -- Essays Papers

Japan Students and Education After World War II, Japan was a country left with almost no resources and lacked of man power. However, Japanese had managed to reconstruct the country and make Japan a successful industrialized nation. What had make things change so dramatically? What special magic that Japanese people had used? The answer revealed itself when we look closer at the history of the Japan Education System. According to Okano and Tsuchiya that â€Å"Japan education can be split into pre-war period of nationalist schooling (1868-1945) and the post-war one of democratic education (1945-present)† (13). Education was used as the tool to nurture a sense of â€Å"nationhood† during pre-war period. In order to overcome the problem after World War II, the post-war one education had changed accordingly to the needs of the society. Education was used as a median to the development of human capital for the Japan’s economic growth. The key for the Japan economically success was education. The s uccess of the Japan education system relied greatly on students; students are the most important element who carries all the expectation from the society. This paper will explore the role play by the students in Japan education system for making the mark. Making the Mark: Society The success of the Japan education system after World War II shown that Japan society had lot to expect from their students. Japanese government and society take education seriously and the results and responses from the students out of the commitment are amazing. According to the statistic report from NationMaster.com Japan was ranked thirteen in the school enrollment in primary education with 100.81 percent in year 2000 and was in the first place in the rank of the school enrollment in the secondary education with 101.2 percent in year 2000. On the other hand according to Gail R. Benjamin â€Å"†¦ the national system of education [Japan] in 1872 had reached close to 100 percent enrollment levels (200).† Cleary the number hasn’t change much over the century and the success of the education system is inevitable true. Students in Japan play a major role in the success of the education by just participating in the system. The expectation from the society toward the students changes corresponding from primary school, middle school, high school and university. The primary school students are expectin... ...unity as a whole. Works Cited Benjamin, Gail. Japanese Lessons. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Okano, Kaori, and Tsuchiya, Motonori. Education in contemporary Japan: inequality and diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Amano, Ikuo. Japanese College Years. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Cummings, William K. Postsecondary Education in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Imamura, Anne E. The Japanese Family. 1990. 19 Nov. 2003 White, Merry. High School Students in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 â€Å"Parent’s Role.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html â€Å"Dating.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html Japan Students and Education Essay example -- Essays Papers Japan Students and Education After World War II, Japan was a country left with almost no resources and lacked of man power. However, Japanese had managed to reconstruct the country and make Japan a successful industrialized nation. What had make things change so dramatically? What special magic that Japanese people had used? The answer revealed itself when we look closer at the history of the Japan Education System. According to Okano and Tsuchiya that â€Å"Japan education can be split into pre-war period of nationalist schooling (1868-1945) and the post-war one of democratic education (1945-present)† (13). Education was used as the tool to nurture a sense of â€Å"nationhood† during pre-war period. In order to overcome the problem after World War II, the post-war one education had changed accordingly to the needs of the society. Education was used as a median to the development of human capital for the Japan’s economic growth. The key for the Japan economically success was education. The s uccess of the Japan education system relied greatly on students; students are the most important element who carries all the expectation from the society. This paper will explore the role play by the students in Japan education system for making the mark. Making the Mark: Society The success of the Japan education system after World War II shown that Japan society had lot to expect from their students. Japanese government and society take education seriously and the results and responses from the students out of the commitment are amazing. According to the statistic report from NationMaster.com Japan was ranked thirteen in the school enrollment in primary education with 100.81 percent in year 2000 and was in the first place in the rank of the school enrollment in the secondary education with 101.2 percent in year 2000. On the other hand according to Gail R. Benjamin â€Å"†¦ the national system of education [Japan] in 1872 had reached close to 100 percent enrollment levels (200).† Cleary the number hasn’t change much over the century and the success of the education system is inevitable true. Students in Japan play a major role in the success of the education by just participating in the system. The expectation from the society toward the students changes corresponding from primary school, middle school, high school and university. The primary school students are expectin... ...unity as a whole. Works Cited Benjamin, Gail. Japanese Lessons. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Okano, Kaori, and Tsuchiya, Motonori. Education in contemporary Japan: inequality and diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Amano, Ikuo. Japanese College Years. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Cummings, William K. Postsecondary Education in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Imamura, Anne E. The Japanese Family. 1990. 19 Nov. 2003 White, Merry. High School Students in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 â€Å"Parent’s Role.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html â€Å"Dating.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html

Nonverbal Communication Is Important

Communication is the exchange of information from a person to another or a group of people; this includes a sender transferring information, ideas or feelings to a receiver. There are two ways to communicate: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal is the way that people use to communicate everyday: talking. Nonverbal communication does not use talking but involves body language, posture, gestures, eye contact, touch and physiological responses. Although people use verbal communication everyday, their nonverbal communication is more important than verbal.Nonverbal communication is a big benefit for business, because that is the important key when a business man can express himself; he can be confident when meeting a partner or clients. For example, the handshake is an important way to make a first impression. No matter the basis of the hand shake, it should become a part of repertoire. Handshake is a sign of trust and help build strong relationship. Imagine meeting a well – groomed, well – dress expert for the first time – but when you are shake his/her hand, you feel like you are grabbing an infant’s finger. â€Å"The important of nonverbal communication ten things your handshakes says about you†) When people meet someone with a strong handshake, they usually come up with some hypothesis like: that person is confident, serious and focused. On the contrary, a weak handshake will make people come up with some thinking like the person is weak in personality, uncertain or lacking in determination (â€Å"The important of nonverbal communication ten things your handshake says about you†). When people have a strong handshake, their hands usually have a warm temperature.Temperature is one of many first impressions, too. When people meet someone with a warm hand, they will think that person is kindness and gracious. Handshakes is the most important in business, nobody want their partner to have a bad impression about them. So nonverbal co mmunication is very important in business, without that, the business may not be develop and effect the economy of country. In the other hand, the role of nonverbal communication is very important in school environment.Sentence and Verbal CommunicationIn school, student from everywhere in the world with different cultures would like to hang out with their friend, that is social being and using different nonverbal communication can built or destroy a relationship of misunderstood action. A child first learns to communicate with those around him or her by using his or her nonverbal skills like pointing, clenching his fist, clapping his hands when excited, slapping away objects he does not want, being stubborn when he or she is sleepy, etc.Therefore,  those skills are more highly developed in the beginning than is his speech. By combining non-verbal and verbal when trying to reach the children you have a better chance to make connection (â€Å"the advantages and disadvantages of non verbal communication in school†). With some student lack of ability to explain them, so the teacher can look at their facial expression or their action and can easily understand what they are cannot say through verbal communication.

Renaissance Traits Essay

Renaissance Traits Essay Renaissance Traits Essay Classicism: studying Greek + Roman Latin + Greek, educated Study of Cicero and Plato, Self awareness. EX: Ficino attempted to synthesize Plato and Christianity. He was the first to come up with the hierarchy of beings-from God to Animals. It was a mans choice whether he would grow great. Virtà ¹: Man’s ability to shape the world around them with their will. Individualism: Rising throughout the Reinissance: Less Guilds, more Individual pride. Ex: Alberti: talented reinissance man who wrote an Autobriography. Humanism: â€Å"Liberal Studies† Roman Greek writing. Philosophy, classics. More attention to the human body in art, Michelangolo’s David. Secularism: Less attention to God, became more Individually concerned. God fell out of the picture. EX: The Courtier-book on how to raise young men: lots of stuff on writing and greek yada yada, no mention of piety. People study humanism instead of the usual Gods. Feudal: Kings-Vassals-Serfs. People went to the nobles for protection, after Charlemange’s empire collapsed. Lords and vassals (both are of noble status) Reciprocal obligations = contractual Lord owes to vassal: land (fief), protection Lord’s court/council Vassal owes to lord: would agree to fight for the Lord at his request, would attend the Lord’s court. Manorialism – basic economic system; communal, open field farming, 2-field system. Lords (nobles) and serfs (lower class, commoners) Manorialism made all peasants (serfs) completely dependent upon their masters. The lord had control over their estates, or manors, and the serfs. The serfs worked for the master, while the master provided food, housing and defense. The manor usually consisted of a village for the serfs (sometimes a church and mill), manor house for the lord, farmable land, pastures for livestock, and other land such as streams or meadows and forests. Compare with Reinissance Traits Group VS. Individual Religious VS. Secular Insular (uninterested in cultures) VS. Well learned Reinissance (1350-1550) Rebirth of economic and poltical in city states of northern Italy. Began in Italy because of great Trade, surplus of food and wealth. Extra people for crafts. Charactersitics: Great achievments in art )better perspective and detail) Literary achievments and science and math. Italien city states: why are they conductive Popolo: Common people; unhappy Signori: One man ruled and handed down-kept faà §ade up Oligarchy: Certain people ruled and kept faà §ade up Because of Individualism these wealthy people would commission great works of art to show their wealth. Reputation was everything do something for the public and they will like you. Less Religion: Nicholas Machevalli wrote The prince first modern guide to politics. Leader whould be ruthless and do whats necessary to keep power-not piety or morals. Differs from medivial. Christian Humanism/north: combines Christianity and classics. More-wrote a crticial edition of the new testament so everyone could

German Language Spelling With a Double S or Eszett (ß)

German Language Spelling With a Double S or Eszett (ß) A unique feature of the German alphabet  is the ß  character. Found in no other language, part of the uniqueness of ß- aka eszett (s-z) or scharfes s (sharp s)- is that, unlike all other German letters, it exists only in the lower case. This exclusivity may help explain why many Germans and Austrians are so attached to the character. Since being introduced in 1996, spelling reform (Rechtschreibreform) has shaken the German-speaking world and caused raging controversy.  Even though the Swiss have managed to live peacefully without the ß in Swiss-German for decades, some German-speakers are up in arms over its possible demise. Swiss writers, books, and periodicals have long ignored the ß, using double-s (ss) instead. Thats why its all the more puzzling that the International Working Committee for [German] Spelling (Internationaler Arbeitskreis fà ¼r Orthographie) chose to keep this troublesome oddity in certain words while eliminating its use in others. Why not just toss out this troublemaker that non-Germans and German beginners often mistake for a capital B, and be done with it? If the Swiss can get by without it, why not the Austrians and Germans? Double S Reforms From Rechtschreibreform The rules for when to use the ß rather than ss have never been easy, but while the simplified spelling rules are less complex, they continue the confusion. German spelling reformers included a section called  sonderfall ss/ß (neuregelung), or special case ss/ß (new rules). This section says, For the sharp (voiceless) [s] after a long vowel or diphthong, one writes ß, as long as no other consonant follows in the word stem.  Alles klar? (Got that?) Thus, while the new rules reduce the use of the ß, they still leave intact the old bugaboo that means some German words are spelled with ß, and others with ss. (The Swiss are looking more reasonable by the minute, arent they?) The new and improved rules mean that the conjunction formerly known as  daß or that should now be spelled  dass  (short-vowel rule), while the adjective groß for big adheres to the long-vowel rule. Many words formerly spelled with ß are now written with ss, while others retain the sharp-s character (technically known as the sz ligature):  Straße for street, but  schuss  for shot.  Fleiß for diligence, but  fluss for river. The old mixing of different spellings for the same root word also remains  fließen for  flow, but  floss for flowed.  Ich weiß for I know, but  ich wusste for I knew. Though reformers were forced to make an exception for the oft-used preposition  aus, which otherwise would now have to be spelled  auß,  außen for outside, remains. Alles klar? Gewiss! (Everything clear? Certainly!) German Response While making things slightly easier for teachers and students of German, the new rules remain good news for the publishers of German dictionaries. They fall far short of true simplification, which many disappointed people had anticipated. Of course, the new rules cover much more than just the use of the ß, so its not difficult to see why  Rechtschreibreform  has sparked protests and even court cases in Germany. A June 1998 poll in Austria revealed that only about 10 percent of Austrians favored the orthographic reforms. A huge 70 percent rated the spelling changes as nicht gut. But despite the controversy, and even a Sept. 27, 1998 vote against the reforms in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, the new spelling rules have been judged valid in recent court rulings. The new rules officially went into effect on Aug. 1, 1998, for all government agencies and schools. A transitional period allowed the old and new spellings to coexist until July 31, 2005. Since then only the new spelling rules are considered valid and correct, even though most German-speakers continue to spell German as they always have, and there are no regulations or laws that prevent them from doing so. Perhaps the new rules are a step in the right direction, without going far enough. Some feel that the current reform should have dropped ß completely (as in German-speaking Switzerland), eliminated the anachronistic  capitalization of nouns  (as English did hundreds of years ago), and further simplified German spelling and punctuation in many other ways. But those who protest against spelling reform (including authors who should know better) are misguided, trying to resist needed changes in the name of tradition. Many counterarguments are demonstrably false while placing emotion over reason. Still, though schools and government are still subject to the new rules, most German speakers are against the reforms. The revolt by the  Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung  in Aug. 2000, and later by other German newspapers, is yet another sign of the widespread unpopularity of the reforms. Time alone will tell how the spelling reform story ends.

English Speech Essays

English Speech Essays English Speech Paper English Speech Paper What is a distinctive voice? How are great ideas communicated? What do you want your audience to think, feel, act or do? I am here to tell you all these things so listen up as I try to convince you that effective speeches require a distinctive voice. I will explore the effects of distinctive voices In Martin Luther Kings l have a dream speech, John. F. Keenness Inaugural address and Nelson Mandelas Inaugural address. Passion Is a fundamental aspect of speeches and It comes through the sustained use language techniques, which Martin Luther King Jar explored in his l have a dream speech. MILK was a passionate leader and a civil rights activist who pushed for racial quality in America in 1963. Kings lavish use of metaphors such as America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked Insufficient funds which signifies how America has overlooked the Negroes, is a clear representation of how distinctive voices need great ideas. One of the key Ideas King proposed was racial discrimination for Instance the Negro Is soul languishing In the corners of American society and finds himself an exile In his own land portrays the white peoples disclaim towards the Negroes. Another strong adaptor are slaves for example, I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. Slaves implies Injustice and Is a highly evocative word for both black and white people. Slave-owners were white and black and white are thus bought together. Hence, red hints at blood, implying the pain, struggle and injustice the Negroes suffered. Kings preaching voice confirms he was a Baptist minister and is reflected in biblical illusions such as Let us seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness which evokes Jeremiah 2:1 5 and represents a heartbreaking voice of Negroes In despair. HIS persuasiveness further helped change the nations racial landscape for the better and motivated the audience to act or change their attitude. His preaching and passionate voice along with the use of language techniques portrays how great ideas need great voices. Im sure many of you have heard candidates presenting Inaugural addresses after elections. Have you heard of John. . Kennedys Inaugural address? J. F. K was the 1 OFF youngest man elected us president Ana ten TLS Roman catholic president . Nine voice that is evident in his speech is a hopeful voice of a political leader striving for peace which is highlighted in metaphors such as tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, which represents the Cold war. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of poverty and all forms of human life is another compelling metaphor which demonstrates that we can eradicate poverty but we can also take away life. Jiffs inclusive language such as We is fascinating because he is including all Americans in his belief. Emotive language such as We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty appeals to the audiences emotions and helps to achieve his aim for freedom and human rights. Rhetorical questions such as Will you join in that historic effort? Leaves the audience thinking whether they will adhere to forging against enemies and combat for peace and freedom. Can you see how his read ideas shine because of his passionate voice, inclusive language, and language techniques? Most of you have probably heard of the famous name Nelson Mandela. Mandela was the first black president of South Africa who got rid of apartheid and helped end legal racial segregation in his nation. His Inaugural address can be described as a motivational, persuasive and inspirational speech. It represents the voice of a visionary and an enthusiastic leader as seen in metaphors like such as the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a rebel conflict which refers to the anguish they endured through the apartheid system. His passion and courage embodied a distinctive voice that exclaims their rights for freedom, Justice and peace which is highlighted in metaphors like Valley of darkness, which refers to the desolation they lived in, and blood-thirsty forces who still refuse to see the light. Mandela found success because he was able to make people want him to win, engage their emotions and involve them in his endeavourers and make it their own. Parallelisms such as he time for the healing of wounds has come the moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come the time to build is upon us God bless Africa! portrays their progress into a new beginning and shows he has found a way to dig deep into South Africans hearts. Emotive language such as We shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without fear in their hearts is very touching and is similar to Kings dream where little black boys and black girls will be able to Join hands with little white girls ND white boys. His charisma, self-depreciating sense of humor and lack of bitterness over his harsh treatment as well as the use of native tongue within the speech makes It powerful Ana relevant to onlookers scallop. I nose qualities snap his meanings and reflected a distinguished voice. Now are you convinced that effective speeches require a distinctive voice? You should now have a broader understanding of how great ideas need great voices. Without a passionate, courageous, confident and a distinctive voice, your speech will not be very effective in retorting your key ideas and accomplishing success. Ideas shape the course of history and a distinctive voice is the root of great ideas. These great speaker with great voices have changed the universe by inspiring people so never doubt that a small, group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. I therefore challenge you to participate in this process whenever you say a speech because who knows? Maybe one day youll be an effective leader like Mandela, Kennedy or King or you can participate in creating change to make the world a better place.

The Importance of Company Valuation to Investor, the Shortcoming of Literature review

The Importance of Company Valuation to Investor, the Shortcoming of DCF Mode - Literature review Example An example of an investor who hugely benefits from company valuation is one who reinvests dividends. By this kind of re-investment, such an investor could build wealth for myriad uses such as retirement benefits. However, the core importance of company valuation to investors is that it allows them to know the value of a company and its assets before investing (Copeland et al., 2000). Familiarity with the value of a company and its assets is quite important for investors’ intelligent decision making, more so for deciding the most appropriate prices to pay or receive during a takeover (Pratt, 1998). Additionally, valuation helps investors to choose the right investment portfolio and sound financing and dividend choices when running a business. Valuation also helps investors make reasonable estimates of the values of real and financial assets. Company valuation also ensures that an investor does not pay more for an asset than its real worth. Therefore, valuation plays several cri tical roles in acquisition analysis, corporate finance, and portfolio management (Pratt, 1998). Efficient Market Hypotheses Is Not Trustable Many researchers, scholars and investors have theoretically and empirically criticized and disputed the efficient-market hypothesis. At the forefront in criticizing the efficient-market hypothesis are behavioral economists who assert that combinations of cognitive biases are responsible for the deficient nature of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) (Gaughan, 2004). These cognitive biases include overreaction, information bias and representative bias, predictable human errors of reasoning, information processing errors and overconfidence. The alleged reasoning errors have been observed to drive many an investor to buy excessively expensive growth stock while avoiding value stock (Hitchnera, 2006). On the other hand, those reasoning correctly buy and profit from the neglected value stock and the overreacted selling of growth stocks. In a similar m anner to theoretical evidence, practical evidence fault the efficient-market hypothesis, For example, while some behavioral economists assert that low P/E stocks have greater returns, others tend to differ, attributing these higher returns to higher beta (?) (Gaughan, 2004). In fact, the latter group’s researches have been accepted by efficient market theorists as adequately explaining the irregularities according to the modern portfolio theory. That stock buyers often operate on and are driven by irrational excitement implies that a lot of speculative economic bubble anomalies are encountered in the markets since such buyers do not detect the underlying values of stocks (Gaughan, 2004). After these economic bubbles, there is always an overreaction and frantic effort to sell stocks to unscrupulous investors who then buy these stocks at bargain prices. Further, since markets may remain irrational for a longer duration than expected, even rational investors could encounter diff iculties to operate profitably since they may be forced to shorting irrational bubbles since they are no longer able to remain solvent over the period (Gaughan, 2004). The Limitations of Net Asset Valuation Model Once a company gets solvent, it may decide to pay its creditors, sell its assets

Joint Strike Fighter Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Joint Strike Fighter - Term Paper Example Most systems share common characteristics that include; maintenance of an  internal  steady state, presence of inputs, processing, output and feedback mechanisms, display emergent properties that are peculiar to the whole, and  have  boundaries defined by the system observer. Systems do not  operate  in a vacuum; they comprise of smaller units called subsystems. The subsystems  interconnected, transfer  knowledge from a system to the next. A system can only operate within its boundaries (Blanchard, Benjamin & Wolter 5). The  system  observer  defines the boundaries, and outside these boundaries lies the  environment  (Blanchard, Benjamin, and Wolter 5). The Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program  is a  growth  and acquisition plan  intended to restore a wide array of existing  strike, fighter and land attacks for the United States and her allies. The main competitors for the program were Lockheed Martin X-35 and Boeing X-32 of which the former; Lockhee d X-35’s  prototype  won the tender. The  firm  came up with the F-35 Lighting II to replace various tactical planes such as the Canadian CF-18, British Harrier GR7 and the US F-16.  The X-35 portrayed the most  persuasive  demonstration  by taking off in less than 150 meters. ... After data  collection and conversion into appropriate  medium  for input, its processing follows; manipulation into information using  input  procedures. Output marks the end of the data processing function of the system. It communicates the information derived from the processing function to the recipient users or another  data  processing  function. System  control  is  vital  in all data processing systems (Blanchard, Benjamin & Wolter 8). System  controls  refer to a  gadget  or  set  of systems that direct,  command  or  regulate  the workings of a system. The elements of  control  include a feedback mechanism that offers descriptive and  comprehensive  information on the input,  output  and processing aspects of the system. Feedback describes a  check  within a  system  that ensures the overall achievement of system goals. It denotes a situation when the output from a  past  process  influences the recurrenc e of the same result in the  present  or future  process. Feedback mechanism  performs controls through a loopback. Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are the two broad divisions of feedback mechanism.   A positive going  wave  on the output amplifies the input signal resulting in the same output  production.  Contrastingly, a signal  inversion occurs leading to a negative going change in the output.  Interfaces are areas of intersection or interactions of different systems that exchange information or  energy. The final element of a system is the  environment. This is that  area  outside a system. A system can interact either with its environment or with not (Blanchard, Benjamin, and Walter 13). Based on their interaction with the surroundings, systems are either  open or closed systems. An open

The Mass Transit Railway Corporation and Miami Metrorail Essay

The Mass Transit Railway Corporation and Miami Metrorail - Essay Example The researcher states that the trains give administrations concealed in numerous different frameworks around the globe: stations have open machines, wheelchair and stroller availability (and the space inside the train to store them), glass entryways obstructing the tracks, and interoperable touch-and-go passage installment. However, following three many years of operation, the framework developed to only 25 miles, added stand out line to MIA and has never conveyed 200,000 riders day by day. Metrorail has not conveyed the guarantees of its initial advocates. Indeed, as Metrorail gets to be more important, it is doubtful that any more lines will be fabricated at whatever time soon. The province does not have the countless dollars important to manufacture such extravagant ventures. Likewise, the national government, which generally has financed huge transportation, undertakings fails to offer intention to help frameworks, for example, Metrorail grows. As an issue, Metrorail will likely remain a two-line framework for a considerable length of time to come. Support and upgrades ought to guarantee at any rate an additional 30 years of operation. Metro assembled heading masters in land, transportation, and metropolitan financing from academe, administration counseling, strategy backing, and government to request the best thoughts for creative methods for tending to Metros test. Educated by our companions and nearby execution measures, Metro is creating rules that the area can use to advise improvement of high limit travel ventures (Benson 1998). Actually, because of the expense connected with Metrorail extension alongside existing area utilizes and constructed environment as a part of a great part of the district, the majority of our future high limit travel ventures will be comprised of other travel modes. Metro needs to enhance the limit at over twelve stations: some of these stations are at limit today, and its complete eight-auto train project will bring many more clients to effectively gathered stations. The organization needs to construct new elevators, extend mezzanines, and assemble walker paths to take care of this future demand.

Man as a Social Animal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Man as a Social Animal - Essay Example It is true that man is prone to accept the things at face value and based upon that, he often pronounces his judgment or impression of the person or things or his surroundings which may have considerable influence in his perception towards those things. Indeed, it is a human failing that governs their outlook in general and is one of the main reasons that fosters conflicts in interpersonal relationship and promotes unhappiness and frustration within him. But various works of literature are proof of the fact that the writers have the huge capacity to influence the readers and make the significant impact on their decision making prowess and ideological perspectives. Rodriguez, a Mexican-American writer of eminence, openly declares in his book ‘The Scholarship Boy’ that he was immensely impressed by the author Hoggart who has written ‘Uses of Literacy’. In the writings of Hoggart, he (Rodriguez) had not only found the solace to understand the wider perspectives of the multi-cultural society but it had also helped him to identify himself with the characters, thereby helping him to come to terms with the environment that was vastly different to that of his native culture. According to him, Hoggart, through the book, had literally become his guide during his years in the college where he had gone to study on his scholarship. His working-class ideals and cultural values had been jolted by a culture shock that he had faced at the college premises. His college represented a multi-cultural society where the so-called values had acquired unique meanings. Despite the differences in language, color, race, and culture, students were seen to struggle and then adapt to their new environment.  

An Exploration of Beethoven and Haydn Music Careers Essay

An Exploration of Beethoven and Haydn Music Careers - Essay Example Beethoven was born in a place then called Cologne which is the Germany at present. During his youth Beethoven moved to Vienna and stayed there. It is in this phase of his youth that he met another influential icon Joseph Haydn. Beethoven experienced a meteoric rise in his career as a virtuoso pianist although his youth was later plagued by the deterioration of his hearing capabilities. The predicament did not annihilate his career as he continued conducting and performing even when he had gone totally deaf. While Joseph Haydn developed his music career as an isolated musician a condition which as he put it, â€Å"forced him to be original†, Beethoven on the other end stemmed from a musically endowed pedigree. He was named after His grandfather Ludwig by his mother Ludwig Maria. Davies, Peter J, states that,†His grandfather was a musician at Roman Catholic Flemish lineage and was at some point Kapellmeister at the court of Roman Clemens August of Bavaria.† Beethoven’s father was Johann van Beethoven who lived from 1740-1792. Beethoven got his initial orientations into music from his father who was a natural tenor singer at the electoral court at Bonn. The development of Beethoven's music career was later supervised by Tobias Pfeiffer, a friend to Beethoven's father Johann. Like Haydn' Beethoven's music endowments were noted when he was of a tender age and this is well illustrated by the fact that by 1778 the youngster was already learning the organ and the viola upon his piano mastering endeavors. Haydn parents noted that Haydn had a musical endowment and reckoned that he would not get proper training in the place they were living in then Rohrau thus they accepted the offered by a relative Johann Matthias Franck to have Haydn trained as a musician by Franck from his home in Hainburg. On Beethoven's part, one of the most noted mentors of Beethoven was Christian Gottlob Neefe, the court organist. Neefe is particularly remembered for helping Beethoven make inroads into the classical music pedestal by assisting him to get his first compositions published. The compositions were an assortment of some keyboard melodies and variations. Musicians like other artists are custodians of a society's culture and history. This is so owing to the undeniable sensitivity of artists to the influence of various factors that charcterise their place and time settings. Traces of cultural, political, economic and social influences can be identified in an artists work and Beethoven's works are not an exception. A close exploration of His music indicates illuminant influences of values of Enlightenment and the surge of Romanticism which dominated the European society in his time. As Davies, Peter J, (Opcit) concurs this is glowingly illustrated by the composition and dedication of his music piece the Eroica which is Italian term for 'heroic" to the Leader Napoleon whom the musician had admired for his ideals of democracy and republicanism values of the French Revolution. Haydn's mettle in his isolated music career development earned him the label of "father of Symphony' and also father of "String Quartet". Haydn and Beethoven shared similar inclinations to the values of enlightenment in music. Beethoven later retracted the dedication to Napoleon when the Leader shifted into embracing imperial ambitions

Man as a Social Animal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Man as a Social Animal - Essay Example It is true that man is prone to accept the things at face value and based upon that, he often pronounces his judgment or impression of the person or things or his surroundings which may have considerable influence in his perception towards those things. Indeed, it is a human failing that governs their outlook in general and is one of the main reasons that fosters conflicts in interpersonal relationship and promotes unhappiness and frustration within him. But various works of literature are proof of the fact that the writers have the huge capacity to influence the readers and make the significant impact on their decision making prowess and ideological perspectives. Rodriguez, a Mexican-American writer of eminence, openly declares in his book ‘The Scholarship Boy’ that he was immensely impressed by the author Hoggart who has written ‘Uses of Literacy’. In the writings of Hoggart, he (Rodriguez) had not only found the solace to understand the wider perspectives of the multi-cultural society but it had also helped him to identify himself with the characters, thereby helping him to come to terms with the environment that was vastly different to that of his native culture. According to him, Hoggart, through the book, had literally become his guide during his years in the college where he had gone to study on his scholarship. His working-class ideals and cultural values had been jolted by a culture shock that he had faced at the college premises. His college represented a multi-cultural society where the so-called values had acquired unique meanings. Despite the differences in language, color, race, and culture, students were seen to struggle and then adapt to their new environment.  

Tobacco Industry's Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tobacco Industry's Issues - Essay Example Not only can you find people facing several health issues but other problems are also associated with tobacco cultivation. For instance, child labor is the only small problem associated with it.      When you will delve more into the details pertaining to the tobacco industry, you will find that the majority of tobacco workers are migrant workers.   Although often gone unnoticed by consumers, those engaged in the growth and preparation of tobacco and tobacco-related products are often exposed to many health hazards.   Because tobacco is a global industry, tobacco workers all over the world are exposed to such risks.Tobacco products: cigarettes, cigars, snuff, and chewing tobacco, are well known to pose a serious environmental health threat both to consumers themselves and, in the case of secondhand smoke, to the people around them.   Today, vigorous tobacco control activity around the world focuses on curbing tobacco use and, thus, its health effects on consumers.   But the tobacco workers who labor to bring the plant to market face another range of environmental health risks.   Also, most of the labor laws don’t really affect these people because most of them l ive in developing countries where they work on their own family farms. However, it is interesting to note that in the United States, the federal government historically has encouraged tobacco agriculture.   The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) tobacco price support program sets an annual national quota restricting the amount of tobacco that can be grown to that estimated to meet annual domestic and export demand.   For those farmers who hold quota allotments, this policy and an accompanying federal loan program keep market prices artificially high.   Quotas can be leased and traded, and in recent years this has resulted in the concentration of quota allotments in fewer hands, creating some large-scale nonfamily farming operations.

The role, purpose and responsibilities of a chosen uniformed public service army Essay Example for Free

The role, purpose and responsibilities of a chosen uniformed public service army Essay Having respect for one another in the army is an advantage as it boosts thoughtfulness, demands decency, and recognizes the value of everyone Respect is the root source for people living in harmony and being consideration toward others. Respecting one another shows that you have put aside your differences such as race, color, sexuality and religion. Respect is earned and isn’t given. In order to gain someone respect you must show them a positive character. Being able to be loyalty is a main attribute as in the battle field you will need to have each other’s back. For example if one of your men has injured them self you will need to make him priority and stop fighting and put attention on him, because his life is more important than fighting with opponent. Being loyal also means not to turn your back in one of your team mates will they need your help. For example if your team mates have not got his army shoes you could maybe lead him some so that you both are able to work on the front line. Also if you team mate has ran out of bullets supplying him with extras that you may have is involved in loyalty. Courage I feel is a key skill for a solider, you will need to be able to face tough situation and know how to deal with them using the appropriate action. Courage will be need to overcome tough, painful and difficult circumstances. Courage is fear holding on a minute longer -Gen. George Patton- http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/4120 09/10/12 The role of the army is to protect the country. The army’s main reasonability is to look out for the citizens that live in the United Kingdom and ensure their safety. They will have to protect them from terrorism and wars. These people are highly trained individuals who have over gone a series of test physically, mental and social side of it in order to get in the army. Everyone who joins the army’s needs to have good fitness whether they are applying for the cook’s role or the front line as everyone in the army are so ldiers first Secondly they have a responsibility towards the United Nations, European Union and the NATO. These larger scaled organizations are formed in order to promote peace, safety and protection to the different countries part of the organization. Part of being in these different organizations they United Kingdom have committed to send any sorts of military equipment or troops when and where needed. The troops who are  called from different countries come together in the needed country in order to help their army out in what where they need. Such as help to patrol, help to stabilize the army, use the different equipment and to create a effective and efficient team Furthermore the United Kingdom’s army may go into different countries to help them. Our British army is currently in Iran. They are there in order to teach them how to govern the country. Help them by stabilizing their army and economy. Teaching them the basics of discipline so that they benefits and enforce this in their country. However some countries dislike this as they feel that the British troop are interfering with their country and feel they taking over. On the other hand some people feel it is beneficial as it helps them become independent and are able to stand alone. The army also steps in in major incidents. When the London 7/7 took place all the emergency services and the army came together so that they were able to calm the public and get everything back on track as soon as possible.

Causes of Material Failure

Causes of Material Failure Safety, reducing weight and maintenance costs of structural components, have always been a target in structural design, particularly where lighter structures result in higher load carrying capacity in industrial projects (Li et al. 2003). Since the high strength steel (HSS) is susceptible to weld defects, specifically in structures subjected to alternating stresses, the bolted connections are used as an effective and versatile joining technique in a variety of structures compared to welded equivalents (Jimà ©nez-Peà ±a et al. 2016). In this respect, various authors have investigated the performance of bolted joints under static loading condition. Despite this, the behavior of bolted joints under cyclic loading is still not well documented and fully understood (Mà ­nguez and Vogwell 2006). A deep concern that engineers have regarding the serviceability of commercial structures is the detrimental failure resulting from metal fatigue. As a matter of fact, the design philosophies have changed over recent years in a way that static strength has been replaced by fatigue life, durability and damage tolerance (Mà ­nguez and Vogwell 2006). Design rules for bolted connections are available in Canadian and American standards in conjunction with extensions for fatigue design considerations. Material failure happens in several forms, such as wear, corrosion, deformation, and fracture. When a component is subjected to a cyclic loading and results in the separation of the component into two or more pieces, this is plain fatigue or conventional fatigue. On the other hand, fatigue failure might occur due to a phenomenon known as fretting fatigue (Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen and Bjà ¶rk 2015). For example, one of the bolts that connects the bottom bracket to the support broke was fractured due to fretting fatigue and another was failed because of plain fatigue during the round four of accelerated fatigue test under 113 kN at 2 Hz of fatigue as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Therefore, it proves why an extensive research should be undertaken to investigate the precise mechanism of fretting fatigue in bolted connections. Fretting can occur when a pair of structural components are in contact under a normal load while cyclic tangential stress and relative displacement are applied alongside the contact surface. The phenomenon of fretting has been recognised initially as a surface damage phenomenon, what today are called fretting wear. During fretting the fatigue strength decreases to less than one-third of that without fretting (Hattori et al. 2011). This kind of fatigue can be seen widely in bolted and riveted connections. The fatigue life performance of bolted joints depends on several factors, such as size of the bolts, the number and arrangement of used bolts, the level of pretension or torque tightening applied to the bolts, the material plate thickness and surface roughness. Understanding in what way all these factors affect the fatigue life of a joint is fairly complex and has not been thoroughly investigated (Mà ­nguez and Vogwell 2006). The primary objectives of this literature review are (1) to review a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms lead to fretting fatigue failure; (2) to determine the factors which influence the fatigue strength of bolted joints; (3) to indicate predictor tools used in order to estimate the fatigue lifetime of bolted joints; (4) to propose different approaches to address the aforementioned objectives. Fig. 1: Plain fatigue in bolt shank and fretting fatigue in bottom surface of bolt head Fig. 2: Plain fatigue Bolted connections are classified on basis of the mechanism in which the forces are transferred. When members are not pressed together by torque tightened bolts, the joint members can move freely (bearing-type bolted connection); thus, a large portion of load is transferred from bolt to the edge of plates as shown in Fig. 3. Elongation of the holes due to the stress transmitted through the bolts into the members might occur, if the stress levels within the hole are adequately high to cause plastic deformation. In this case, the major failure modes for a joint subjected to shear loading would be as shown in Fig. 4. On the other hand, when the plate members are compressed together by application of tightening torque on the bolts, the members Fig. 3: A bearing joint, with the bolt acting as a shear pin slippage could be prevented; therefor, the friction in contact interface transfers loads directly, instead of transmitting through the bolt to the plates hole. In this way, the connections benefit greatly with respect to the failure modes presented in Fig. 4, because the stress concentrations caused by the bearing of the bolts at the edge of plates hole will be lowered significantly (friction-type bolted connection). Fig. 5 illustrates the behavior of a friction-type joint under static loading in shear. The joint deforms elastically until the load reaches the critical value. At region (2) the joint begins to slip and it continues until the bolts start bearing on bolt holes. Elastic deformation happens again in region (3), until the yielding of plates or bolts occurs in form of plastic deformation in region (4). Eventually, joint will be failed at point (5) (Mà ­nguez and Vogwell 2006). Fig. 4: Failure modes for joints loaded in shear Fig. 5: Behavior of a joint under increasing loading The phenomenon of plain fatigue refers to the behavior of materials under the action of repeated stress and strain which distinguishes it from their behavior under monotonic or static stresses or strains. The plain fatigue is defined more precisely by the process in which the progressive localized permanent structural changes occur in a material subjected to conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and strains at some points and that culminate in cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. A plain fatigue failure is often very sudden, with no obvious warning; however, the mechanism might have been operating from the beginning of the components usage. Fig. 6: Crack growth path in sheet (a) single shear (b) double shear Fig. 6 shows fatigue crack initiation and propagation schematically. At short crack length where crack tip plastic zones are small, the crack path is usually flat. As crack grows, the crack tip plastic zone increases in size and the crack plane can turn to 45 ° shear or slant mode. This can be either single shear as shown in Fig. 6(a) or double shear as shown in Fig. 6(b). The aspects of plain fatigue fracture can be summarized as follows: The entire fatigue process involves the nucleation and growth of a crack or cracks to final fracture. The plain fatigue crack at fracture can be very small or very large, occupying less than 1 percent of the fracture up to almost 100 percent. The plain fatigue crack region can be distinguished from final fracture region by beach marks, smoothness, and corrosion, However, there are many exceptions. Microscopic plain fatigue cracks often grow in the plain of maximum tensile stress. However, for multiaxial loading, macroscopic fatigue cracks have also been observed on the plane of maximum shear (Stephens et al. 2000). It is one century since the problem of fretting first has undergone scientific investigation. Fretting was recorded first by Eden, Rose and Cunningham in 1911, who observed a red rust in the grips of fatigue machines by which they were testing steel specimens. The removal of the specimens was encumbered by the rust and its formation was mainly attributed to the varying stress between specimens and grips. This phenomenon was experimentally investigated first via Tomlinson in 1927, and coined the term fretting wear by which name it is generally known today (Scott 2013). Intensive study of the fretting process and mechanism has been undertaken during the 1950s and 1960s. Various theories regarding the nature of fretting have been summarized by Hurricks and then published in 1970. In 1974 Golego et al. recapitulated the results of experimental and analytical investigations conducted in the Soviet Union and other countries (Kovalevskii 1981). Based on these meticulous and intensive investigations, it appeared that the problem of fretting fatigue has adequately been solved, and it is of least interest. At the end of the 1930s and the beginning of 1940s fretting was observed in a new form, as a rapid lowering of the fatigue strength of metals. Warlow-Davis was the first scholar who studied the effect of fretting corrosion on fatigue life. Numerous investigations regarding this complicated phenomenon have been carried out subsequently, and interesting and informative results were obtained on basis of empirical and factual observations. Fretting fatigue has generally been considered in terms of the contribution of fretting to the fatigue strength of material. The recognition and interpretation of mechanism of fretting fatigue by means of this approach is more difficult. It thus appears more reasonable to attempt to postulate the mechanism of fretting fatigue on basis of a combination of the basic theory of fretting wear and t he fatigue failure of metals (Kovalevskii 1981). Fretting maybe defined as surface damage caused by low amplitude oscillatory sliding between two contacting surfaces. Fretting fatigue and fretting wear lie within this broad definition. Fretting is divided into two categories: fretting wear and fretting fatigue. The removal of material from contacting surfaces through fretting action is called fretting wear, whereas fretting fatigue is the reduction in fatigue life due to fretting surface damage (Bill 1983). Both types often occur within the same contact, but in different areas. Partial slip region is the area where contact pressure caused by normal force is high, while displacement amplitude caused by alternating tangential force is relatively small. In these areas, possibly fretting occurs as fatigue. On the other hand, those areas of the contact where the displacement amplitude is somewhat large compared to contact pressure are called gross slipping regime. In these areas fretting happens as fretting wear. There is another regime between these two regimes in a way that both mechanisms overlap, mixed fretting regime. Running condition fretting map is a useful tools (RCFM) used to present these regimes and the effect of those in the specimen failure can be translated into a material response fretting map (MRFM). Fig. 7 shows the schematic illustration of these maps (Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen and Bjà ¶rk 2015). Fig. 7: Schematic illustrations of (a) running condition fretting map (b) material response fretting map Fretting fatigue is a complicated tribological behavior of components which are in contact together having a small relative oscillatory motion. Due to high stress gradients generated at interface of connected surface caused by fretting, the fatigue lifetime of materials is reduced considerably compered to plain fatigue (Hojjati-Talemi et al. 2013). Fretting often occurs in structures subjected to oscillating tangential loads with low-amplitude and high frequency vibrations. Since fretting happens in counterpart surfaces, where crack initiation and crack propagation is hidden, and there is no easy access for inspection, crack detection is often impossible; hence, it is a particularly dangerous phenomenon. Sometimes the development of fretting damage is not detected until critical fracture or even catastrophic failure is occurred (Hoeppner 2006). Consequently, fretting fatigue heightens a serious concern for industrial structures, and analytical and numerical techniques for prediction of fretting fatigue are much in demand. Fig. 8 illustrates an example of failure due to fretting. Fig. 8: Typical critical locations for fretting fatigue crack initiations in (a) bolted flange and (b) riveted panels 4.1 Fretting wear and fretting fatigue-How are they related? The extent to which fretting wear correlates fretting fatigue is not fully cleared. The surface damage and contact stress distribution are similar in fretting fatigue and fretting wear for a given set of contact conditions. The remarkable feature which is evident in fretting fatigue, while is not for fretting wear necessarily, is an alternating bulk stress in one of the contact bodies. Furthermore, the edges of contact area or near slip/nonslip interfaces are the spots where fretting fatigue occurs consistently. The sequence of crack initiation and propagation in fretting problems involving fretting wear or fretting fatigue is important, because it generally causes microspalling in the former case and fatigue failure in the later (Bill 1983). Fig. 9 presents the loading conditions for a typical fretting contact. The significant feature which distinguishes fretting from gross sliding wear is the formation of a partial slip zone within the contact area when the tangential force is less that the frictional force. Eq. 1 The small displacement amplitude traps the wear debris and prevents those from existing contact zone. Different combinations of normal load and displacement lead to different forms of damage mechanism. Another comprehensive fretting maps proposed by Vingsbo in 1988 is plotted schematically in Fig. 10. The area is divided into various regimes and the dominant damage mechanism is specified in each zone as following: Fig. 9: Fretting contact and loading Partial slip regime or Stick regime: Although some slip occurs by application of tangential loading, most of the contact zone remains in stick. Fretting fatigue is the dominant mode of failure in this area; however, some wear occurs even when reciprocating motions are as small as 0.25  µm. Mixed stick and slip regime or mixed fretting regime: This regime is categorized by transition of the fretting contact from partial slip to the gross sliding. The dominant mode depends on whether the fatigue cracks grow fast enough to avoid removal by wear. Gross slip regime or gross sliding regime: Slip exists throughout the contact in this regime. The excessive volume of debris produced by fretting cycle, would prevent crack from propagating. Although the slip happens all around the contact, the debris formed during fretting cycle would trapped within contact area. This is a fundamental characteristic which distinguishes this regime from reciprocating sliding phenomenon. Reciprocating sliding: Once the amplitude meets a critical level, the wear mechanism will be similar to unidirectional sliding. The remarkable feature of reciprocal sliding wear is that for different amplitudes within reciprocal sliding, wear volumes is almost being kept constant, whereas the production of oxidized debris and a wear coefficient would increase rapidly by the increase of amplitude of motion (Patil 2010). Fig. 10: Typical fretting map for Hertzian contact Although, it is very difficult to establish a precisely distinct line of demarcation between fretting wear and reciprocal sliding wear, some literatures suggest that the critical amplitude of slippage in which the occurrence of reciprocating sliding wear will be imminent. Due to complexity of fretting phenomenon, different refrences presented different transition values for different materials. Vingsbo and Soderberg in 1988 as well as Ohmae and Tsukizoe in 1974 suggested the transition value lies at 300  µm, Toth suggested 50  µm, while Lewis and Didsbury concluded transition value equal to 70  µm (Chen and Zhou 2001).

Working as a Housekeeper Essay -- essays research papers

Today's workers and families are overworked and stressed. After working through a 9-to-5 job, feeding and putting the children to bed, the last thing anyone wants to worry about is cleaning the house. Weekends are spent running errands and spending quality time with friends and family members. Therefore, many families are looking for outside assistance with housekeeping. In the past, housekeepers were thought of as the "hired help" and were thus treated like 18th century scullery maids. This is no longer the case. Housekeepers have reached a well-deserved level of respectability for their highly appreciated services. Starting a house cleaning business is an easy job for most people because there is very little start up cost involved. To help you get started, here is a step-by-step set of instructions to send you on your way to engaging in this highly profitable business. The first thing that you need to do before seeking out your clientele is to develop a business plan and policy. For starters, you need a name. Choose a name that denotes an air of sophistication. You don't want a name like, Tim's Cleaning Service or A-1 Cleaners. Those names are much too common and do not reflect any sort of professionalism. Try something original such as, Homestead Helpers. Such a name stands out from the many "fly-by-night" and unreliable services. Once you've chosen a name for your business, the next important step to take is to insure your business. As a house cleaner you are a sole-proprietor. This entitles you to the status of an independent contractor. This means that your profession is no different than that of a plumber, electrician, or a freelance writer. Insurance is a must have. For one thing, it eases the minds of your future clientele. Put yourself in their shoes; would you want an uninsured person coming into your home, handling your personal articles, and perhaps doing so while unattended in your home? Probably not. Having insurance will put you on top of the list for jobs, as most house cleaners do not carry insurance. The insurance will also give you piece of mind. You will not have to worry about your personal assets being seized in a lawsuit because someone accused you of stealing a family heirloom. Unfortunately, as with many service professions, dishonest people have tarnished the respectability of independent contractors, so you'l... ...ou money on graphics and design. A business card display ad catches people’s attention far quicker than a worded classified ad. Given the independent contractor status, and depending on the tax laws of your state, you are eligible for various tax deductions. For example if you own your own home, you can set up a small office space and take deductions for the square footage of the space, utilities, a computer, office supplies, phone calls, and cleaning supplies that you might purchase. Also, advertising and insurance costs are tax deductible. Many of the same deductions can be used for people who rent their home or apartment. Check with your local state's laws of taxation to see which deductions you can use. House cleaning is a highly profitable profession, with some house cleaners making $15-17 an hour, so be sure to report all of your income to the IRS. As an independent contractor, you can open an IRA account and start saving toward your retirement. In conclusion, I feel housekeeping is a respectable profession. The payment can be benevolent, and you can pick up habits for your own home, to keep a respectable looking residence. Also, no special talents or education is required. Working as a Housekeeper Essay -- essays research papers Today's workers and families are overworked and stressed. After working through a 9-to-5 job, feeding and putting the children to bed, the last thing anyone wants to worry about is cleaning the house. Weekends are spent running errands and spending quality time with friends and family members. Therefore, many families are looking for outside assistance with housekeeping. In the past, housekeepers were thought of as the "hired help" and were thus treated like 18th century scullery maids. This is no longer the case. Housekeepers have reached a well-deserved level of respectability for their highly appreciated services. Starting a house cleaning business is an easy job for most people because there is very little start up cost involved. To help you get started, here is a step-by-step set of instructions to send you on your way to engaging in this highly profitable business. The first thing that you need to do before seeking out your clientele is to develop a business plan and policy. For starters, you need a name. Choose a name that denotes an air of sophistication. You don't want a name like, Tim's Cleaning Service or A-1 Cleaners. Those names are much too common and do not reflect any sort of professionalism. Try something original such as, Homestead Helpers. Such a name stands out from the many "fly-by-night" and unreliable services. Once you've chosen a name for your business, the next important step to take is to insure your business. As a house cleaner you are a sole-proprietor. This entitles you to the status of an independent contractor. This means that your profession is no different than that of a plumber, electrician, or a freelance writer. Insurance is a must have. For one thing, it eases the minds of your future clientele. Put yourself in their shoes; would you want an uninsured person coming into your home, handling your personal articles, and perhaps doing so while unattended in your home? Probably not. Having insurance will put you on top of the list for jobs, as most house cleaners do not carry insurance. The insurance will also give you piece of mind. You will not have to worry about your personal assets being seized in a lawsuit because someone accused you of stealing a family heirloom. Unfortunately, as with many service professions, dishonest people have tarnished the respectability of independent contractors, so you'l... ...ou money on graphics and design. A business card display ad catches people’s attention far quicker than a worded classified ad. Given the independent contractor status, and depending on the tax laws of your state, you are eligible for various tax deductions. For example if you own your own home, you can set up a small office space and take deductions for the square footage of the space, utilities, a computer, office supplies, phone calls, and cleaning supplies that you might purchase. Also, advertising and insurance costs are tax deductible. Many of the same deductions can be used for people who rent their home or apartment. Check with your local state's laws of taxation to see which deductions you can use. House cleaning is a highly profitable profession, with some house cleaners making $15-17 an hour, so be sure to report all of your income to the IRS. As an independent contractor, you can open an IRA account and start saving toward your retirement. In conclusion, I feel housekeeping is a respectable profession. The payment can be benevolent, and you can pick up habits for your own home, to keep a respectable looking residence. Also, no special talents or education is required.

The Role of Money and Economic :: essays research papers

Power, education, wealth, poverty, and economic opportunity are all aspects, not the only aspects, which determine a societies progress and development. Throughout the duration of this class we have thoroughly examined these aspects and many more through books and movies. Books such as â€Å"The Republic† by Plato, â€Å"An Enemy of The People† by Henrik Isben, â€Å"The Laughing Sutra† by Mark Salzman, and â€Å"Nickled and Dimed† by Barbara Ehrenreich. We have also found these characteristics to be common in movies such as â€Å"Wag the Dog†, â€Å"Moscow on the Hudson†, and â€Å"Manwate†. All of these previously mentioned forms of information have included one or more of the aspects that have either help build or helped destroy the society mentioned within the particular book or movie. In the following I will be discussing these certain aspects and how they have had an affect on the outcome of these societies. Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† is a wonderful example of a society that is built or conditioned to use some of the best aspects to help form a perfect society. Even though Plato made it a point to not have classes amongst the people determined by how much money they made he still had groups of people that where better then others. Wealth wasn’t as big an issue to Plato as skills or education was. He believed wealth was destructive. A person who has wealth will be overcome by greed and not want to work and work was what his society was based on. Plato didn’t use poverty to keep people powerless since in his society money wasn’t a very important aspect of success. Keeping people more or less powerful was determined by what class of citizen they were. Classes shaped Plato’s perfect society. Some were born to be leaders, others were born to be guardians, and others workers. Opportunity for the economy to progress was Plato’s whole plan. In ot her words, Plato molded his society in a way that they would have and be the best of the best, so economic opportunity was very important and available. Plato believed that a perfect society can be based on equality but he also believed that there should still be classes of leaders, guardians, and workers. In contrast to â€Å"The Republic†, wealth was so much more important to the society in â€Å"Enemy of The State†. Even though it was said to have equality amongst the people, wealthy people were the main one’s who were heard and allowed to speak out.

Propaganda †Persuasive Techniques Essay

Arundhati Roy and Michael Moore are two very skilful propagandists who use powerful and persuasive techniques to convey a particular message. These techniques are deliberately used to appeal to us, the audience, and our appetites, our sense of fear and above all our vanity. These techniques used in â€Å"The end of imagination† (Arundhati Roy) and â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† (Michael Moore) will be examined to consider how effective these propagandists are at appealing to these internal persuaders. Roys essay â€Å"The end of imagination† focused on nuclear warfare, her main argument was that the Indian government and all world governments must not be involved in the production or testing of nuclear bombs as they are simply to destructive and harmful to all of creation. Moore’s film focused on the presidency of George W. Bush, the Iraq war and its coverage by the American media, his main argument was that American corporate media did not provide an objective and accurate analysis concerning the invasion of Iraq, and that George Bush was, at the time an inept president. The most important weapon in a propagandist’s arsenal is the ability to draw emotion from a reader or viewer, along with the ability to control and direct that emotion so that the audience believe what is being presented, without doubting whether or not, it is accurate. There are many emotions that can be provoked by a propagandist however the strongest is by far fear. Fear tactics are used by both Roy and Moore very effectively, the title of Roy’s essay itself is an example (The end of imagination). Roy writes in the opening sentence â€Å"May 1998. It’ll go down in history books, provided of course we have history books to go down in. â€Å"Provided, of course, we have a future. † This is a prime example of fear tactics being used to consume the audience in a sense of uncertainty for the future, however this is not the only technique at use here, exaggeration is also present. Exaggeration is used either to emphasize facts and figures or in this case to try and convince the audience that the situation is worse than it actually is, stirring the audience so that they become fearful. Moore also uses exaggeration however in a somewhat different way. He uses exaggeration to portray George W Bush as almost always being on holidays after the 9/11 attacks, this technique is deliberately misleading as Bush did not spend as much time on holiday as the audience is made to believe. Moore also uses fear tactics like Roy suggesting that the US Government is able to spy on American Citizens. Whether or not this is true is irrelevant because it makes people question their right of privacy and may create a sense of panic, ultimately appealing to the audience’s sense of fear. Humour is also a very useful tool in a propagandist’s toolbox of techniques. There are many different ways to persuade the audience, but one in which Moore does very effectively is by asking rhetorical questions for example â€Å"what was he thinking? † and â€Å"did we really elect this guy president? † This technique is effective because the audience may feel more inclined to agree with a presenter who makes them laugh and is confident about what they are saying than a presenter who just recites facts. People enjoy laughing and because of that have a thirst for laughter a skilful propagandist realises this and uses humour to appeal to their audience’s appetites. Another powerful and also humorous technique is the use of sarcasm. Moore says â€Å"The president did what any of us would do, he went on holiday? † Sarcasm is frequently used by Moore, questioning Bush’s intelligence and portraying Bush as failing as a president. Roy chose not to use humour in â€Å"The end of imagination† though it is clear that Roy feels very strongly about nuclear weapons and it is evident in the techniques she employs when writing. She writes with a lot of emotion, using a lot of emotive language â€Å"The nuclear bomb is the most anti-democratic, anti-national, anti-human, outright evil thing that man has ever made. † Here Roy uses raw emotion to appeal to the audience’s appetite. People hunger for knowledge, more importantly the truth. Both Roy and Moore use that knowledge and feed the audiences appetites by telling the truth. One very cunning persuasive technique is the use of selective reporting. Throughout Roy’s entire essay, she wrote only about her viewpoint, not providing opposing views or perspectives therefore leaving no room for discussion or argument. This technique is used, bombarding the audience with just one side of the story and therefore convinces the audience to believe that the issue is black and white and the presenters view is correct and justified. In contrast to Moore’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† reports only one side of the story as if to brainwash the audience. Inclusive language is used frequently by Roy, she uses words like â€Å"our† and â€Å"we† so that the audience feels comfortable and included in the essay, this technique is used to appeal to our vanity. Another technique used by Moore is the assassination of George W. Bush’s character. On countless occasions Moore would use repetition of key words and phrases e. g. â€Å"I’m a war president†, â€Å"Sadam†, â€Å"Al Qaeda†, , â€Å"Nuclear weapon†, â€Å"He’s got them! † to diminish the intelligence of Bush. Moore also point out flaws in Bush’s administration and almost any mistake that he could find, giving examples of where Bush contradicted himself and often made a fool out of himself. Attacks on his opponents and Character Assassination were two of Moore’s most effective techniques, used to persuade viewers that he was undoubtedly and irrefutably correct. Roy on the other hand did not have one person to target. Her target was the Indian and world Governments. Roy appealed to all audiences in her closing statement by saying â€Å"If you are religious, then remember that this bomb is Man’s challenge to God. It’s worded quite simply: We have the power to destroy everything that you have created. If you’re not religious, then look at it this way. This world of ours is four thousand, six hundred million years old. It could end in an afternoon. † This technique appeals to all demographics as it outlines the sheer magnitude of the issue being presented. Roy portrays that the offender is nuclear bombs and the victim is the world. This technique directly appeals to our sense of fear and vanity as everyone likes to feel confident and comfortable and that vanity that we have is at stake. Arundhati Roy and Michael Moore are two presenters that have been given the title of propagandists. A propagandist attempts to manipulate the way their audience thinks to persuade them to believe what is being presented. Various techniques can be employed to do this however the most effective are those that appeal to the viewer’s appetites, fears and vanity. Roy and especially Moore have the resources needed to present certain information that appeal to our appetites. Skilled propagandists possess the ability to encourage and stir various emotions and use that emotion to create a sense of uncertainty appealing to our perception of fear. Lastly Arundhati Roy and Michael Moore utilize writing and presenting techniques to constrict our comfort and conflict the audiences pride appealing to the greatest internal persuader of all, our vanity.

Black & Decker Case

1)Why is Makita outselling Black & Decker 8 to 1 in an account which gives them equal shelf space? †¢Trade is asking for advertising allowances and rebate money on products, profitability in the Tradesmen segment is near zero. †¢The B&D brand in the Tradesmen segment may be regarded as â€Å"weak† due to the fact that B&D dominated the consumer segment. †¢The â€Å"heavy do-it-yourselfers† may have a misconception on the quality/reliability/durability of B&D professional line. These individuals make a living from using these tools and simply cannot risk the aforementioned features. )Why are Black & Decker's shares of the two professional segments — Industrial and Tradesmen — so different? Wouldn't you expect them to be similar? †¢Tradesmen segment is growing faster than the industrial segment. B&D did not initially capture or dominate the tradesmen segment, hence the share differential. †¢Decision influencers in the industrial segm ent viewed B&D as a high-quality brand. Similarly, the consumer segment regarded B&D as a strong brand which helped B&D attain the #1 position in the marketplace. This did not spill over to the tradesmen segment, which needs more differentiation. Strong influencers in outlets such as â€Å"Home Depot† educate the consumer to â€Å"stay away from B&D†. 3)What, if anything, do you learn from Black & Decker's consumer research? †¢B&D uses very similar branding strategies for their tradesmen and consumer segments. †¢Brand perception is the main issue with B&D strategy for capturing a larger market share. †¢Durability/Quality issues are not substantiated. Blind tests of B&D products in the tradesmen segment reveal that B&D products are comparable to other major competitors’ products. In some instances, B&D products are elected as leaders in their product categories. )Joe Galli's objective is â€Å"to develop and gain corporate support for a viable pro gram to challenge Makita for leadership† in the Tradesmen category (p. 1). To gain support, the minimal share objective would have to be â€Å"nearly 20% within three years, with major share ‘take away' from Makita. † How realistic is this? †¢This is realistic due to the fact that there are a number of negative perceptions of Makita’s products including â€Å"arrogant & dictatorial†. The problem is that no single brand dominates all the product categories in the tradesmen segment.This means that product selection may be circumstantial and mostly influenced by tradesmen in-store influencers etc. †¢Currently, B has ~9% market share, meaning that it would have to take ~11% market share from Makita who has ~50% market share. Makita has the most to lose in this industry segment. †¢Since, B is financial strong and is not making much money in the tradesmen segment, the financial risk would be limited. 5)If you think Galli should pursue a â₠¬Å"build share† strategy, what actions do you recommend? Does the DeWalt idea have any merit?How about the subbranding option? †¢Gallie should pursue a â€Å"build share† strategy but only under a different brand. Choosing a different brand name such as DeWalt that already has positive resonance in the tradesmen segment would not only disassociate the current perception of B within that segment, but could help reduce B risk of â€Å"embarrassment† in the other two segments in case the DeWalt brand fails. †¢The sub branding option still carries the B brand with it. At this point in time the tradesmen segment is not a new & emerging market, but a well developed growing market.Sub-branding at best could help drive some product categories, but not the overall brand as a whole. †¢The yellow color choice would help the DeWalt brand truly stick out from the competition. Currently, the most exotic color in the tradesmen segment is teal – Makita†™s color. The yellow color choice would less likely backfire since yellow is a familiar job site color associated with safety. 6)Be specific about what you would do and remember you have at least three audiences to please: the consumer (the Tradesman), the retailer, as well as Nolan Archibald and Gary DiCamillo. Consumer oIntroduce DeWalt brand with yellow coloring oOffer rebates and incentives †¢Retailer oIntroduce DeWalt with limited supply to generate â€Å"pull† oPromote demonstrations of products that demonstrate superiority oMaintain existing B line as a benchmark for DeWalt’s success oSlowly phase out B and replace with DeWalt oOffer volume discounts to large retailers such as Lowes and Home Depot, since this channel is the fastest growing one †¢Bosses oPresent above and maintain sub-branding exit strategy

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for Dissertation

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements - Dissertation Example The paper tells that the use of information systems across all business enterprises, governance structures and institutions has become an accepted reality. A number of researchers and academicians have focused on the potential benefits, applications and challenges faced in the incorporation of these systems. The implementation of such systems in e-governance bodies have helped immensely in streamlining work processes and improving the overall efficiency of departments in delivering the desired outcomes. A study on developing a land information system for the local government in Naga City Philippines by Rizalino Cruz highlights the significance of intelligent systems in aligning departmental responsibilities, strengthening collaborative efforts, and streamlining the flow of information across various units and stakeholders. The focus of the study was on analysing the key requirements of the local government body involved in land use planning and designing an effective information syst em that helps in achieving departmental goals and long term vision of the local governing bodies. A recent study by PriceWaterHouseCoopers on the role and efficacy of information systems in Department of Housing and Urban Planning observes that an internet based system can help the urban planning and housing department realize their goals and objectives. The primary benefit of such a system lies in its ability to integrate and streamline the flow of vital information within departments, provide its stakeholders with immediate access to relevant details. , and enable managers to take prompt decisions based on the readily accessible data and facts. A legislative audit report on information systems for housing by the State of Montana (2004) highlights the role of such systems in determining the accuracy and reliability of such systems. The information processing capabilities offered by an effective information system cannot be undermined in the face of rapidly advancing technology tool s and applications. The use of internet and communication technologies has greatly enhanced the potentials to receive and process information at the click of a button. Similar studies and implementation of such systems across different countries illustrate the benefits and challenges associated with its effective performance and outcomes. The housing and urban planning department in Thailand benefited immensely from the implementation of

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example Westthorp (2010) summarized the fact that some hostels observed a decline of nearly ‘40 % against last business year’ while others reported business of ‘just 30 % capacity’. Moreover, the appreciation of Australian Dollar against world’s major currencies such as British Pound, Euro, US Dollar has also hampered growth because foreign tourists receive much lesser after exchange than what they used to get last year. In simple, they are now unable to spend greater number of days in Gold Coast Backpackers amid inflation and exchange fluctuations. In short, potential customers are now demand higher quality goods and services from administration in Gold Coast Backpackers industry sector at relatively lower prices. It is recommended that various Gold Coast Backpackers and resorts should also adopt a rational pricing strategy to entice maximum customers (Westthorp, 2010). The bargaining power of specific suppliers (raw materials and input providers such as furniture, hostel goods, food etc.) is reduced because of decrease in total business activities and surplus capacity of resorts and hostels. Indeed, suppliers’ business is directly dependent on Backpackers’ business and failure of the latter would also adversely impact the sales of suppliers (Jamieson, 2010). Indeed, the steep fall in aggregate demand of backpackers by tourists and adventurists has compelled potential investors to forgo their aim of entering and investing in tourism and hospitality businesses. It should be highlighted that threat of potential new entrants in this sector is low because of relatively lower returns and weak consumer response because of decline in real income and purchasing power. However, Backpackers have been facing increased competition from Asian Backpackers because of their cheap offers to tourists (Jamieson, 2010). The threat of substitute products is relatively higher because existing Gold Coast Backpackers and resorts

Tracking Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tracking Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan - Essay Example Tracking Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan The following analysis will seek to engage the reader with an overall discussion that helps to elaborate upon the usefulness of these statistics, whether or not they might be utilized in further forms of analysis, the potential that exists for them to be much higher than is being represented, and interpretation of why all of these compliments necessarily matter. Through such a level of discussion and engagement, it is the hope of this author that the reader will be able to come to a more informed and definitive level of understanding with respect to civilian deaths within Afghanistan and the manner through which such representative data is utilized in the future. Firstly, and perhaps most importantly, the data that was represented did not start tracking the deaths caused by IEDs or suicide attacks until 2009; fully two years after the analysis was begun. This was a fundamental oversight; however, an even larger oversight was with regards to the fact that the overall civilian death toll with respect to drone strikes was not measured until 2012 (Zenko, 2014). As anyone even remotely familiar with the conflict in Afghanistan note, the lion’s share of coalition attacks over the past several years in Afghanistan have been predicated upon the backbone of drone strikes as the primary delivery mechanism. In such a way, not having representative statistics that began at the time in which the study was engaged does not provide the user with an accurate description of the way in which civilian deaths have been represented within Afghanistan during the time period in question.

Economic--Government Regulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic--Government Regulation - Research Paper Example Regulation of a country’s affairs by the government is not a contemporary issue as it is considered an event that began several decades ago as most governments engaged in attempts to advance their interest. In other words, regulations have been used to protect key interests of the civilians and those of the government of the day. Government regulations touch on a number of issues key among them being political, economic and social. As time passes by regulations, tend to develop at numerous government levels as commissions gain greater powers with respect to operation of regulations. In other words, the government departments and agencies are becoming heavily involved in design and final implementation of the regulations. It is noteworthy that government agencies constituted by either the executive or the legislative branches are highly responsible for actual implementation of various regulations issued by the government department in charge. For instance, in the United States, the Food and Drug Association (FDA) and Environment Protection Agency (EPA) are responsible promoting laws that ensure safe food and drug products are in the market while as well as laws that cut down on pollution effect in the country respectively. Government agencies have become powerful institutions over the recent past owing to the delegate roles they have been extended to by the government. For instance, the legislative arm of the government may formulate or enact laws and establish guiding principles and the agencies are left to make follow-ups and final implementation. The operations of these agencies are highly influenced by their independence and as such, there are certain agencies that free from the control of the executive and other department of the government. The government departments as well as agencies do not often work in isolation considering the fact that members from the private sector are normally included in the board. The private sector